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COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 



Outlines AND References 



2-77 

KOR 



•^JY 



United States History 



vV A BY 

- ^ 

g! d; virxuk, ph. d. 

state Normal School, 
Winona, Mian. 



REVISED EDITION. 



SCHOOL EDUCATION COMPANY 
PUBLISHERS 

Minneapolis, Minnesota 
1904 



a. 



LIBRAKYof CONGHtSS 
Two Copies Heceiveu 

NOV 4 19U4 

CoDyngnt tiury 

//Unr. if, /<?««/ 

cuss <X- XXc. Noi 
' COPY B. 



Copyright. 1904- by 
G. O. VIRTUE. 



INTRODUCTION. 



The Plan and Purpose of the Outlines. — The Outlines 
have grown out of the need the writer has found, on the 
negative side, of some means of breaking up the habit of rote 
recitation and helping the pupil to get away from, the text- 
book view of history ; and on the positive side, of a scheme for 
the student to follow in organizing material he has gathered 
from different sources. It is believed that with the use of a 
text-book, itself not to be slavishly followed, and a few good 
reference books, the Outlines will help to a reaHzation of the 
aims of the "library method" of study without encountering 
the dangers incident to that method where no rigid plan of 
work is laid down. 

The Pfeparation of the Lesson. — In general the student 
should first read the assignment in the text-book, then one or 
two of the shorter references, and these should be followed 
by one or more of the longer references. The outlines direct 
attention to the more important phases of the subject, and an 
attempt is made to arrange them in a logical order. The 
student should organize his material, gathered from different 
sources according to the scheme suggested, and supply by ad- 
ditional reading any facts needed to complete the plan of the 
day's work. 

It should be remembered that the history of the country is 
a continued story of which we get a part day by day. No les- 
son stands alone, therefore, but each one is connected with 
others that have been learned before and with others still to be 
learned. The student should constantly seek to connect these 
parts of the story by preparing each lesson in the light of all 
preceding lessons. 



Note Books. — A note book should serve three puruposes : 
(i.) It should be an aid in the preparation of the daily les- 
son. Thus the making of a careful analysis and summary of a 
passage read brings out its salient points more clearly and 
fixes them more firmly in the mind. (2) It should aid, by bring- 
ing material on the same subject together under appropriate 
heads, m getting a proper perspective of the subject, and in 
giving unity and continuity to the whole subject of history. 
(3) For those who are to teach, the note book should be a 
source of supply for teaching material. 

Though the teacher may from time to time suggest what 
should go into the note book, the student must in the m^ain ex- 
ercise his own judgment in making a choice. It should in- 
clude summaries or abstracts of matter read, illustrative tables, 
charts, etc., class notes, and conclusions reached by the student 
on closing important phases of the work. Brief biographies 
should also be made out, both for reference and for review, 
in some such form as follows : 

Samuel Adams. — American patriot and agitator; born at Boston 
1722, died 1803; graduated at Harvard 1740; unsuccessful in business 
with his father lost much in a bank by an English law extended to the 
colonies ; became influential in local politics, — "the man of the town- 
meeting;" opposed the Stamp Act, in the State Legislature 1765-74; 
organized the "committees of correspondence" 1772; in the Continental 
Congress 1774-81; most pronounced advocate cf separation; an anti- 
federalist, but reluctantly voted for the Federal Constitution 1788, thus 
carrying the day for the Constitution; served his state as lieutenant 
governor 1789-94, and as governor 1794-97. 

Fiske says that in the history of the Revolution "he was second only 
to Washington;" Hosmer calls him the "Father of America." On his 
monument in Adams Square, Boston, are written these well deserved 
words : "A Statesman pure and incorruptible." 

It is desirable to use the loose sheet form of note book. 
In order that notes gathered from different sources and at 
different times may be classified and brought together, a sepa- 
rate sheet should be used not only for each subject, but for 
each phase of the subject. Each sheet should have an appro- 
pirate heading and usually a sub-head, and these should be 
made prominent either by underscoring or by the position 
Sfiven them. 



Suggestions foir Written Reports. — Read widely. Do not 
be content with consulting one authority. Read general ac- 
counts first and follow with special treatises. Take notes 
freely. Make them brief or full, according as the books will 
be accessible or not when you come to write. Use a separate 
sheet for each sub-topic. Take the references for each note. If 
the words of an author are used, put them in quotation marks. 

Digest your material thoroughly before attempting to 
write. Classify your notes and from +hem make an outline. 
Divide your subject into its two, three, or more main divisions. 
Develop each part logically and relate it to the whole. Keep 
your subject always in view. Avoid abrupt transitions from 
one phase of the subject to another. 

Reports will vary in length according to the subject and 
the style of the writer. Be as brief as a clear treatment of 
the topic will permit. Observe the ordinary rules of compo- 
sition. Have an introduction followed by the body of the 
essay, and this by an ending containing a summary or the 
conclusions reached. Be careful in your choice of words. 
Make a rational use of the paragraph. 

Give references for all quotations and for material state- 
ments. Avoid mere copying or paraphrasing. Each report 
should be accompanied by a bibliography and where a sub- 
ject is of an argumentative character, by an outline of the 
arsfument. 



DIVISIONS OF THE SUBJECT. 



Section One. The Continent and the Native Races. 
Section Two. Discovery and Exploration, 1 000-1607. 
Section Three. Colonization. 

Section Four. The Colonies from 1700 to 1763. 
Section Five. The Revolutionary Period 1 760-1789. 
Section Six. National Growth under the Constitution. 



ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE REFERENCES. 



A. Andrews, History of the United States. (4 vols.) 

A. & T. Adams and Trent, History of the United States. 

A. H. li. American History Leaflets. 

B'. & G'. Bryant and Gay, Popular History of the United States. 

B- Burgess, The Middle Period, Civil War, or Reconstruction, as 

the case may be. 
'C Channing, Students' History of the United States. 
'Ca. Caldwell, American History Studies. 
F. Fisher, Colonial Era. 
H. Hart, Formation of the Union. 
Hn. Higginson, Larger History of the United States. 
M. McLaughlin, History of the American Nation. 
Mcl>. MacDonald, Select Charters (1606- 1775) or Si^lect Documents 

as the case may be. 
McM'. McMaster, School History of the United States; followed 

by a Roman numeral, his History of the People of the 

United States. 
S. Schouler, History of the United States. 
T. Thwaites, The Colonies. 
Tho. Thomas, History of the United States. 
■W^. Wilson, Division and Reunion. 
Wa. Walker, Making of the Nation. 



SECTION ONE. 



THE CONTINENT AND ITS PEOPLE. 

I. Physical Features of North America. 

1 Land configuration : coasts, mountain systems, river systems, 

lakes. Altitude of various regions ; bearmg on habitableness. 

2 Temperature : Trace the isotherms of 40, 50, 60 and 70 degrees 

for the year; 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 degrees for February; 50, 60, 
70, 80 degrees for July and compare their latitudes w^ith those 
touched in Europe. 

3 Rainfall : Distribution in North America. Requirements for 

various products. 

4 Adaptability of the continent (i) for various products: The 

grain belt; the cotton belt; forest and mineral products and 
their distribution. (2) For human life. 

T. 2-7 ; C. 118 : P. 1-4 ; Johnson's Cijclopcdia, 8 : 3.54-7 ; Shaler Our Con- 
tinent, 1-17, 166-232 ; Shaler in Winsor's America, IV. pp. I-XXX, 
esp. XX-XXX ; Hinsdale, How to Studij and Teach History, 192-203; 
Brigham, Oeographical Influences in American History, Ch. I. 

Does this topic belong to Geography or History? What are na- 
tural boundaries? Designate those on this continent. Does the 
contour of a continent affect its division politically? Does the re- 
lief map indicate that Europe should have many or few political 
divisions? North America? Does the area occupied by the United 
States seem naturally the home of one people? Does Porto Rico 
seem "naturally" to belong to it? Cuba? Alaska? The Isthmus of 
Panama? Make a note, as you proceed with your study, of each 
geographical fact of importance in determining the course of our 
history. 



II. The Native Races. 

1 Their origin an unsolved mystery; the indigenous theory; the 

"lost Atlantis" theory; the Asiatic theory the most probable 
explanation. Proofs of migration hither at a very remote 
time. 

2 Numbers and distribution. (Make a sketch map showing the 

location of the principal families.) Group characteristics. 

3 Their civilization. Grades of culture : Savagery, Barbarism, Civ- 

ilization and their divisions. Exaggerated views of culture 
of native races esp. in the South. Present view that tribes 
varied from lower savagery to upper barbarism. The "Mound- 
builders" : Their monuments; period of activity; identified 
with red Indians. (Fiske. Discovery I 144-6). The same 
true of the "Cliff-dwellers." Reasons for slow progress of 
Indians : Open nature of the country ; lack of domestic an- 
imals; lack of cultivable foods; non-progressive character of 
the people. 

4 Relations with Europeans. 

T. 13-16 ; A. & T. 1-4 ; M. 1-4 ; Tho. 1-4 ; Mc. 66-71 ; A. I, 21-33 : Fiske, 
Discovery of America, I Ch. I ; Powell in Foru7n 8 : 489-503. Hn. 1- 
26. F. 5-11 ; Griffls, Romance of Discovery, 20-27 ; H. H. Bancroft in 
Morris' Half -Hours; Shaler, Our Continent 153-165. 



SECTION TWO. 



DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION. 

I. Pre-Columbian Discoveries, 

1 Vague traditions of Basque, Welsh, and Irish, discoveries. 

2 Well founded traditions of the Norse. 

a Norse migration to Iceland 872-874. 

!> Greenland discovered 876, colonized by Eric the Red 983-986. 

c The mainland discovered by Bjorni 986. Leif se^ks and 
finds the new land A.D. 1000 and names it Vinland. 

d Later visits occasional, but not regular. Claims of occupa- 
tion not well founded. The "Dighton Rock" and the 
"Stone Tower" no longer considered good evidence. (Fiske 
Discovery I, 211-219). 



e The Sagas. Their character and rehability as historical evi- 
dence. (Fiske I, 193-213). 

f Inconsequence of Norse activity and the reasons. (Fiske 
I, 255-60.) 

T. 21-3 ; M. 4-7 ; A. & T. 4-6 ; C. 22-4 ; Tho. 4-5 ; B. & G. I 35-63 • Fiske, 
Discovery I Ch. 2, esp 145-191 and 253-60 ; Hn. 27-51 ; Explorers, 
3-15 esp. 6-9 ; A. I, 39-40 ; Griffis ; Romance of Discovery 35-44 ; O. S. 
L. No. 31 ; Hart's Contemporaries I. 28-34. 

II. Discoveries of the 15th Century. 

1 European conditions in the 15th century in respect to: Intellec- 

tual activity; political stability; geographical knowledge; 
means of communication ; means of navigation. 

Fiske, Discovery I, 255-60. Hn. 31-4. Duruy's Middle Ages 517-534. 
Swiuton's Outlines of the World's History 272-2S4 ; tictiwill's Modern 
Eurovie 1-24 ; West, Modern History, 187-219. 

2 Commercial conditions the immediate impetus. 

a Ancient routes of commerce vi^ith the Orient. (Make a 

map showing these routes) ; Commodities carried each way. 
b Commerce checked by the Saracens 8th to loth centuries 

inclusive. Northern route undisturbed. 
e Revival, 12th to 14th centuries, chiefly thru the crusades. 

Rise of Italian and German cities. 
d Trade checked by the conquests of the Ottoman Turks 1365- 

1453. Decline of Venice and Genoa ; need of a new route. 

T. 23 ; Mc. 9-11 ; M. 6-10 ; Griflis', Discovery 55-64 ; Fiske, Discovery I, 
269-77, 291-4 ; West, Modern History, 184-7 ; Myers' Mediaeval and 
Modern History 240-44, 250-8 ; Collier, Qreat Events of History 174- 
9. Adams, Civilization in the Middle Ages 279-90. On the results of 
development of new trade routes see itt. 290-309, and Duruy's Modern 
Times 67-74. 

3 The search for the Indies. 

a The Portuguese search to the Eastward. Rediscovery of 
the Madeiras (1418); Azores (1447); discovery of Cape 
Verde (1445). C. Verde Islands (1460) ; constant ad- 
vances along the coast till the route to the Indies was as- 
sured by the rounding of Good Hope i486 by Diaz. Indies 
reached by Da Gama 1498. 

T. 24-5 : Griffis' Discovery 65-78 ; West, Modern History 219-22 ; Fiske, 
I, 295-334; Duruy's Modern Times 118-121; The Cambridge Modern 
History I, 12 ff. See also the encyclopedias on Portugal and Henry 
the Nongater. 

b The Spanish (Columbus) take the western route. 

I Columbus' knowledge of geography as to sphericity and 
size of the earth, an eastern sea, etc. 



2 The work and character of Columbus. 

3 The importance of his work immediately known. 

4 Long continued search for a passage thru the new con- 

tinent. 

5 The naming of the continent. 

T. 24-28 ; M. 12-18 ; Mc. 11-14 ; A. & T. 7-11 ; Tho. 5-o ; C. 24-28 ; A. I, 
37-61 ; Hn. 52-68 ; Hn. Exiilorers 13-38, for Columbus' account ; Hart. 
Source Boole, 1-3 ; Fiske, Discovery, I, 295-446, a full and interesting 
narrative. Collier, Great Events of History 186-190 j Lord, Beacon 
Lights III, 05-108. Read Lowell's "Cohimhus." 

III. Activity in America 1492- 1607. 

1 T!ie Spanish in the West Indies; on the gulf coast; on the Pa- 

cific coast ; in the interior : Expeditions of DeSoto, Narvaez, 
and Coronado and their importance ; in South America ; in 
the East : Magellan and the Philippines — the great importance 
of his voyage. Error in not occupying the Mississippi valley. 
Decline of Spanish activity after 1570 and especially after 
1588. Beginning of English and French power in America. 
Weak hold on North America at close of the 16th century. 
(Make a map showing the extent of Spanish power.) 

2 The Portuguese. The Pope's bull of partition. The treaty ot 

Tordesillas (1494). Portuguese activity in the East Indies. 
Cabral secures Brazil (1500) while on the way to the East. 
Portuguese power in America never strong but continued to 
1889. Loss of the East India possessions to the Dutch 1588- 
1607. 

T. 23-32 ; C. 35-43, 51-3 ; A. & T. 11-17 ; M. 21-26 ; A. 62-93 ; F. 14-20 ; 
B. & G. I, 139 173; Fiske, I, 447-459; ih. II, 93-105, 554-569; Hn. 
64-74 ; Hinsdale History 204-8 ; Johnson's Cyclopedia 8 : 192 ; Park- 
man, Pioneers of France 9-19 ; Duruy's Mod. Times 118-134. 

3 The French. Explorations along the Atlantic coast; on the St. 

Lawrence. Earlj' efforts to colonize ; on the St. Lawrence ; 
in "Carolina" (1562); on the St. Johns (1564) destroyed by 
Melendez (1565); in Canada (1589- 1608). (Make a map 
showing extent of French power at the end of the i6th cen- 
tury.) 

T. 32-36; A. & T. 18-20; Hn. 108-122; A. 93-99; 1?". 20-3; B. & G. I, 
189-223 ; Parkman, Pioneers of France 20-275, for the best account 
of the French ; C. 43-47 ; Griffls, Discovery 134-45. 

4 The English. The Cabots and the northwest passage, (1497-8). 

Long period of inactivity (Doyle I, 26-34) ; rise of the Eng- 
lish buccaneers — Hawkins, Drake, etc., 1562-79; English ships 
important on the Atlantic, after 1588 supreme. Early attempts 
at settlement, (Gilbert and Raleigh), end in failure. 

T. 36 43 ; Hn. 75-107 ; C. 47-53 ; A. 99-113 ; F. 23-9 ; Hart's Contempo- 
ra/ries, I, 75-88, for Hawkins and Drake; Cooke, Viryinla, 1-8. 



5 Experience of the i6th century : Chiefly a century cf exploration. 

Spanish conquer portions of the continent; French and Eng- 
lish settlements failures. Why? Claims to America vague. 
Little known of the continent; its "discovery" a gradual pro- 
cess (Fiske I, 447-8, II, 552). Experience valuable for real 
work of the 17th century. 

6 Effect of the Discoveries on Europe — Ccmmercially, politically, 

intellectually. 

T. 42-4 ; Tho. 6-10 ; M. 28-30 ; Fiske, Old Virginia and Her Neighbors, 
I, 10; Duruy. Mod. Times, 134-7. 



SECTION THREE. 



COLONIZATION. 
I. A Survey of the Situaton. 

1 European Conditions favorable to Colonization. 

a Unsettled social and economic conditions (esp. in England) 
growing out of the downfall of feudalism and changes in 
industry: The rise of manufactures; of commerce. The 
poor law of Elizabeth a sign of the times. 

li Religious zeal for Christianizing Indians. 

c Political purpose of enlarging national power : Rivalry be- 
tween England, Spain, France. 

d The bold adventurous spirit of Europe best seen in England. 
The adventurers of the i6th century. 

e Religious unrest, especially in England and France. 

2 American Conditions. 

a Splendid field for adventure. 

b Opportunities for fortune making, supposed and real. (Eg- 

gleston, Beginners, 12-20; Fiske. Virginia, I, 54-9). 
e Opportunities for home making. 

3 Motives for Colonization always mixed. Seek in the case of 

each colony the predominating motives. 

T. 45-6, 65-6 ; F. 30-32 ; M. 2S-34 ; Eggleston, Beginners of a Nation, 
73-95, relates directly to Virginia. Hart's Contemporaries, I, 152-7 ; 
Fiske, Old Virginia and her Neighbors, I, 41-9. 

11 



A. THE SOUTHERN GROUP. 
I. Virginia. 

1 The charter of 1606. The two companies ; Their commercial 

character ; the grant of land ; general powers of the company. 
The government : The general council, the resident council, 
the king's reservations. Relations of the settlers to the com- 
pany. Note the grant of land "as of our manor of East 
Greenwich." 

T. 66-9; Tho. 12-14; Mc. 26-30 ; M. 36-7; C. 60-61; F. 32-4. The Char- 
ter in Preston's Documents, 1-13 ; Brown's Genesis of a Nation I, 52- 
63, and McD. Charters 1-11. 

2 Virginia under Company rule 1607-24. 

a The James River settlements. The expedition. Settlers, 

their errors as to sit of town and occupation ; distress in 

the colony; complaints made by the company 1607-9. 

Services of John Smith. 
h Reorganization of the company 1609, 1612: extension of the 

grant; increase of the company's power; decline of the 

king's power, of the Resident Council. Dale's "iron rule" : 

his reforms. 
c The growth of new settlements ; the beginning of popular 

government (Hart's Contemporaries, I, 218-25). Beginning 

of slavery. Indented servants. 
d The overthrow of the company. Indian outbreak, 1622. 

Factions in the company at home ; the king antagonized ; 

the charter annulled 1624. The value and limitations of 

company rule. (Fiske 238-40). 

T. 69-75 ; F. 35-48 ; M. 37-48 ; Mc. 30-34 ; B. & G. 296-307 ; Griffis, Col- 
onti:,ation, 25-50 ; Eggleston, Beginners, 25-59 ; C. 61-67 ; Consult 
Fiske, Virginia and Atl. Monthly, 76:748; ih 77:313-325. 

3 Royal rule from 1624 to 1652. 

a The Government : Governors appointed by the king ; charac- 
ter of the governors sent ; representative assembly con- 
tinued, its power asserted in removing Harvey; its earlier 
claim of exclusive right of imposing taxes (1623) now re- 
asserted 1632 and 1642 (Doyle I, 218). Judicial power in 
the governor and council, and County Courts whose 
judges were appointed by the governor. 
"b Growth of population esp. after 1640 ; the royalist migra- 
tion and its significance; appearance of religious controversy; 
exclusion of the Puritans ; of the Papists ; relations with 
Maryland after 1634. 
c Material development: The stage of experimentation past; 
energy devoted mainly to tobacco culture ; social and eco- 



nomic effects of this industry. Parliamentary commission 
1652. 

T. 75-6 ; Tho. 27-28 ; M. 48 ; Lodge, Colonies, 12-16 : C. 67-90 ; Doyle, 
Colonies, I, ch. VII. Cooke, Virginia, 188-191 ; Doyle, United States, 
49-52. 

4 The Commonwealth Period 1652-60. 

a Reluctant acknowledgement of Parliament 1652. 

b Growth of self-governmient ; Governor and council chosen 

by the assembly; broad basis of the suffrage as before, tho 

an attempt is made 1655 to restrict it. Conflict with Marj'- 

land. Rapid growth of population. 
c Beginning of a definite colonial policy. The navigation act 

of 165 1. 

d Colonial politics determined by English politics. Puritan 
rule in Virginia; the recall of Berkeley 1660. 

T. 76-8 ; C. 69 ; M. 48-54 ; Doyle, Colonies, I Ch. VIII, esp. 221-9 ; Fiske, 
Virginia, II, 12-20 ; Cooke, Virginia, 191-216 : Lodge, Colonies, 16-18. 
Harts', Contemporaries, I, 235-6, for terms of "surrender" in 1652 ; 
Doyle, United States, 52-4. 

5 Virginia from the Restoration to the end of the century. 

a The tendency toward oligarchical rule : Importance of the 
royalist party ; influence of the system of agriculture ; the 
increase in the size of land grants ; the law of primogeni- 
ture. Authority in government is centralized : Governor 
and council again appointed by the crown ; assembly elec- 
lions are held less frequently. (Doyle I, 237). The suf- 
frage restricted (1670) to "freeholders and housekeepers" 
who are assumed to have "interest enough to tye them to 
the endeavour of the publique good" ; the vestries become 
close corporations ; similar control of county affairs by the 
county court. 

T. 78-81 ; C. 120-2 ; P. 49 ; B. & G. II, 290-318 : M. 49-54 ; Lodge, Col- 
onies, 18-26 ; Fiske, Virginia, II, 23-4 and 34-44 ; Cooke, Virginia, 
216-30. 

"b The Bacon Rebellion : Popular discontent under aristocratic 
rule ; dissatisfaction with the navigation acts ; with the Ar- 
lington-Culpepper grant (1673). Corrupt and inefficient 
government under Berkeley ; collusion with the Indians 
charged : An Indian war precipitated ; Bacon takes com- 
mand of forces ; collusion with Berkeley ; harsh treatment 
of the "rebels" ; failure of the revolt. 

c Virginia at the end of the century. 

T. 78-81 ; Tho. 28-30 ; A. & T. 40-2 ; C. 120-22 ; F. 49-61 ; A. I. 277-84 ; 
Fiske, Virginia, II, 45-108 ; Doyle, United States, 54-60 ; Eggleston 
in Century Mag. 18 : 418-35 ; Read Berkeley's report of 1671 for con- 
ditions of that time, Hart's Contemporaries, I, 237-41. 

13 



II. Other Colonies. 

1 Maryland. 

a Calvert and his early interest in colonization ; his attempt 
to found Avalon in New Foundland ; his advent in Vir- 
ginia 1629; return to England. 

b Grant of territory. The religious character of the migration 
which followed ; the powers given "almost royal" ; reserva- 
tion of taxing power to the people thru representatives. 

c Religious and political liberality of the government ; tolera- 
tion practiced; the "Toleration Act" of 1649 (Fiske, Vir- 
ginia I, 309) ; Puritans made welcome; Puritan illiberality. 
Rise of representative government after 1638; healthful 
differences between the assembly and t!;e proprietor; 
changes wrought by political changes in England. Tur- 
moil during the Commonwealth ; insurrection of the "as- 
sociators" 1688-9 ; proprietary rights withdrawn 1691 ; their 
restoration 1715. 

d Relations with neighbors ; cordial dealings with the Indians ; 
conflict with the Virginians ; the Clayborne episode. 

e Growth of the colony in numbers and wealth. 

T. 81-87 ; C. 70-73 ; Tho. 24-27 ; A. & T. 37-9 ; 54-61 ; Mc. 34-6 ; Eggle- 
ston, Beoinners, 220-57 ; Fiske, Virginia, I, 255-85 ; Doyle's United 
States, 147-57. 

2 The Carolinas. 

T. 87-95 ; Tho. 30-2 ; F. 76-81 ; M. 61-66 ; Mc. 54-5. 

3 Beorgia. 

T. 258-63 : Tho. 33-4 ; F. 303-12 ; A. & T. 57-9 ; Mc. 57-8. 

III. Social and Economic Condition in the South, 1700. 

Follow Thwaites, 96-111; Hn. 192-213; A. F. T. 60, 
66-8. See also Berkeley's Report of 1671 in Hart 
Contemporaries I, 237. 

B. THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIES. 

I. PreHminary Considerations. 

1 The North Virginia or Plymouth Company and its grant; fail- 
ure of its early efforts — the Popham Colony 1607-8; voyages 
of exploration 1614-20 ; reorganization of the company — the 
charter of 1620 ; sufficient motive still wanting ; the religious 
motive now supplied. 



2 Religious conditions in England : Review of the Reformation 
and especially religious legislation of the reign of Elizabeth; 
religious groups under the early Stuarts: I, Catholics; II, 
Protestant: a. Episcopal; b. Puritan: (i) Conformists; (2) 
Presbyterians; (3) Independents. Treatment of dissenting 
Presbyterians and Independents. 

T. 113-115 : F. 82-9 ; M. 67-70 ; B. & G. I, 370-4 ; Doyle, Colonies, II, 
1-10 ; Griffis, Romance of Colonization, 94-106 ; Fiske, N. England, 
57-63 ; Wakeman, History Religion in England, 70-79 ; Eggleston, Be- 
ginners, 141-9. Consult also the histories of England. 

11. The Colonization of Plymouth. 

1 The founding of the colony. 

a The Scrcoby Congregation : Its character ; leaders ; wander- 
ings. 
h Hardships of the first years at Plymouth. 

2 Industrial development. 

a The original patent ; necessity for a new grant. 

h The arrangement with English capitalists; acquisition of 
exclusive control bj' the colony. 

c System of common tillage; not desired by the colonists, 
urged by the "partners"; abandonment of the plan. (Doyle, 
11, 59-63.) Cf. Virginia experience. 

d Growth of settlements and towns ; of trade. 
3 Political development. 

a The Ma^'flower compact : Its provisions and significance. 

h Government: Executive and judicial power vested in a Gov- 
ernor and seven assistants— chosen by popular vote in pri- 
mary assembly ; representative government a slow growth ; 
representative body 1636 to codify Laws ; Deputies, chosen 
from towns, who with the Governor and Assistants chosen 
by all voters, from the General Court 1638; this body 
given power to make laws 1640; later separation into two 
chambers ; local affairs administered by tozvii governments. 
Broad suffrage. Religious tolerance. 

4 Relations with neighbors — the Indians ; white neighbors to the 

north ; position in N. England Confederation 1643 ff. 

5 Distinct political existence till its annexation to Massachusetts in 

1691. 

T. 113-124; C. 73-80; M. 70-75: F. 95-99; A. & T. 33-3; B. & G. I, 
374-85 ; Tho. 15-17 ; Fiske, Neio England, 71-87 ; Doyle, II, 30-81 ; 
Eggleston, Beginners, 159-181 ; Griffis, Colonization, 107-128 ; Doyle, 
United States, 64-9. 

15 



III. Massachusetts Bay. 

1 Early commercial enterprises on the Bay under the charter of 

1620 : Weston, Morton, Wollaston and their settlements ; the 
Dorchester enterprise — Trials and final settlement under Con- 
ant at Salem. White's plan of using this beginning. 

2 English conditions of the period. 

a Religious unrest, (see B. i, 2, above). Reaction against the 
Protestants on the continent; the king's marriage; reaction 
rather than reform in the English church ; the relation be- 
tween Calvinism and Self-Govemment. (Doyle, II, 7.) 

h Political unrest : Tudor despotism continued by the Stuarts ; 
national spirit of discontent grows; Charles I.'s methods 
of securing funds ; Parliament opposes his methods ; the 
quarrel over taxes and forced loans ; the Petition of Right, 
1628; breach with the King, 1629. 

c Juncture of these troubles with White's Dorchester plan. 

T. 124-5 ; F. 100-102 ; Doyle, II, 82-86 ; Fiske, N. England, 88-101 ; 
Griffis, Colonization, 129-133. 

3 The Massachusetts Bay Company formed. 

a The grant of March 29, 1628, by the Plymouth Company. 

b The first migration under Endicott joins Conant's remnant 
at Salem. (Sept. 1628.) 

e The royal charter of March 4, 1629: The grant of 1628 
confirmed ; creates a "Body corporate and Politique in Fact 
and Name" ; officers and their powers ; their electiori by the 
"freemen" of the company; business meetings of the com- 
pany — the quarter courts ; annual meetings — ^the General 
Court or Court of Elections ; power to make and execute 
laws. The expectation that the company would remain 
in England ; but the transfer to America. 

T. 125-7; C. 80-83; F. 108-112; A. & T. 34-6; Doyle, II, 88; Doyle, 
United States, 70-4 ; Hn. 158-165 ; Text of the charter O. S. L. No. 
7, and McD. Charters, 37-42 ; Eggleston, Beginners, 207-212. 

4 The Growth of the Colony to 1643. 

a The great migration. Winthrop and his party 1630 ; 20,000 
arrive during the next ten years — "the transfer of a people 
to America" ; early hardship ; improved conditions 1634 ^^'^ 
following; growth of new settlements with a church as the 
center. 

b The founding of Harvard College. 

c Dangers to the colony ; The charter threatened 1634-5. The 
Indian uprising — the Pequod war. 

T. 127, 129-132, 136-7 ; B. & G. I, 517-31 ; C. 81-2 ; Griffis, Colonization, 
135-6 ; Fiske, N England, 109-114. 



5 Religious character of the colony. 

a Religious motives for founding it. (See esl'. Winthrop's 
Conclusions — O. S. L. No. 50.) 

b From "puritan" to "separatist". The establishment of Con- 
gregationalism. 

c Relation of church and state: Conditions making cicse con- 
trol natural ; ways in which a union showed itself ; limita- 
tion of suffrage to church members ; "the church" that 
which was recognized by the state ; importance of the clergy 
in state affairs ; enforcement of church regulations. 

d Intolerance, not freedom, the prevailing spirit : The Roger 
Williams incident; the Hutchinson controversy; treatment 
of the Quakers ; attitude toward Catholics and Episco- 
palians. 

e Scriptural authority for the laws enacted. 

T. 132-3 ; A. 140-145 ; M. 82-3 ; Mc. 48 ; B. & G. I, 538-47 ; Fiske, New 
England, 114-20 ; Doyle, II, 121-133 ; Eggleston's Beginners, 275-295 ; 
Goldwin Smith, United States, 21-5. 

6 Political development. 

a Review the charter provisions for government. 

b Changes made necessary by transfer of the charter and the 
great migration. 

c The struggle for representative government : Winthrop and 
his distrust and democracy; an oligarchj'^ seeks control; 
igeneral court centers power in the hands of the assistants 
1630, these to hold office indefinitely 1631. Resistance to the 
exercise of this government — the Watertown tax contro- 
vehsy (Hart Contemporaries I, No. 107, for Winthrop's 
account). This leads to the election of deputies from each 
town to advise with the governor and assistants on matters 
of taxation, 1632, and later, 1634, to permanent provision for 
representatives. Separation into two houses 1644. Rejec- 
tion of other aristocratic projects. 

d Codification of laws — "The Body of Liberties" 1641. (McD. 
72-91.) 

e Local government : The town the unit ; powers defined 
1636; suffrage in town meetings limited to church mem- 
bers ; importance of local government. Cf. Virginia. 

f Relations with England. 

T. 127-9 ; Doyle, II, 103-112. C. 83-4 ; M. 80-2 ; Lodge Colonies, 341- 
351 ; Fiske, N. Eng. 100-109 ; G. Smith, United States, 15-21 ; Doyle, 
United States, 74. 

17 



IV. Other Colonies. 

1 Connecticut. 

a The Dutch on the Connecticut. English explorations there. 

b The migration from Massachusetts and the reasons therefor ; 
the "river towns" ; dominant influence of Hooker. 

c Danger from the Indians, Dutch, and French. 

d Political organization : First controlled by a Massachusetts 
commission; forms of government adopted similar to those 
of Massachusetts tho more liberal ; adoption of the "Fun- 
damental Orders" — the first written constitution. (^Cf. the 
Mayflower compact and the charters.) Town government 
similar to that in Massachusetts. Religious influence shown 
in the position of the clergy and the character of the laws — 
legend of the Blue Laws; but note the spirit of toleration. 

e Position in the Confederation after 1643. 

Tbo. 23 4 ; T. 142-4 ; Mc. 50-1 ; C. 90-95 ; F. 126-131 ; Doyle, II, 149-60 ; 
Fiske, New England, 122-8 ; Eggleston, Beffinners, 316-326 ; For text 
of the "Fundamental Oi-ders" see Fiske, Cii'il Government, 329-334 ; 
and aicD. Charters, 60-3. 

2 New Haven 1637-1644. 

T. 144-6; Hart's Contemporaries, I, 488 for a sample of the laws of the 
colony. 

3 Other colonies founded. 

a Rhode Island 1636-1654. 
b Maine 1622-165S. 
c New Hampshire 1620-1685. 
T. 146-153; C. 86-9; Tho. 22-4; F. 123-5; Mc 4!i-.-ii. 

V. New England from 1643- 1700. 

1 Separate existence of the colonies and development on the lines 

noted above. 

2 The New England Confederation. 

a Reasons for its formation. 

b Plan of organization adopted : The parties ; board of com- 
missioners and its powers ; provisions for appointment of 
representatives ; expenses and troop?. 

c Workings of the confederation : Dominant power of Mass- 
achusetts ; lack of power to enforce decrees ; refusal of 
Massachusetts to act in the Indian afl^air 1642-3. The Con- 
necticut tax episode ; assistance rendered to Harvard col- 
lege. Attitude toward the Dutch ; toward the Quakers ; 
the Indians ; King Philip's war. 

d The confederation and England. 

18 



e Decline in importance after 1664. Why? Collapse of the 
union 1684. Reasons? 

T. ir)4-9, 170-2; C. 92-5; M. 90-1 ; A. & T. 4G-8 ; Mc. 51-.T : Doyle, II, 
228-36 ; Fiske, New Engl. 153-163 ; Uildreth, United States, I, 285- 
334, 360-412. 448-506 ; Frothinghani. Hisc of the Republic, 33-71 ; 
Text of the articles of agreement, McD. Charters, 94-101 ; A. H. L. 
Xo. 7 ; Ca. 29-35. 

4 Religious Movements. 

a The Quaker trouble : Rise of the Quakers ; arrival in New 
England ; harsh treatment ; reasons therefor. Doctrines and 
practices. Fiske, 179-82. Decline of persecution after 1660. 
(Read Hawthorne's "The Gentle Boy.") 
b The attempt to silence Gorton — a "pestilent seducer." 
c Presbyterians try to secure the suffrage; not extended to 
them till 1692. 

d The witchcraft delusion (Read Longfellow's Giles Corey.) 
e Theocratic rule declines by the end of the century. 

T. 1G5-7 ; 190-2 : consult also, Fiske and Doyle. 

5 Consolidation of control over the colonies. 

a Efforts to control thru commissions, committees and directly 
by Parliament. Collect instances. 

b Revocation of the charters : Early attacks on the charters, 
esp. that of Massachusetts. Chas. II.'s attack: Charges 
of unlawful acts against the Colonies ; territorial disputes, 
esp. that over Maine; revocation of Massachusetts char- 
ter 1684; Connecticut and Rhode Island charters re- 
called 1686-7. 

c Andros and his rule ; Colonies consolidated ; effect on colon- 
ial governments ; local governments ; instructions as to taxes, 
land titles, etc. Can you find any justification for consoli- 
dated control in the conditions of the time? 

T. 173-76; C. So, 107-110, 122-5 ; A. & T. 49-51 ; Iln. 216-22: Fiske, New 
Engl. Ch. VI; Doyle III. 230-76: Uildreth United States, II. 105-122, 
142-44 ; G. Smith, United States, 33-5. See card catalogue for Andros. 

6 Readjustments following the Revolution of 1688. 

a In Massachusetts : temporary provisions ; the charter of 
1691 ; Annexation of Maine, Plymouth and Acadia ; a 
royal colony established. Compare the new^ government 
with the old. 

b The settlement in the other colonies. 

T. 175-7: C. 125-8; F. 207-209. 216-220; Doyle, United States. See au- 
thorities cited above. For the charter of 1092 sec McD. Charters 
205-212. 

19 



VI. The New England Colonies in 1700. 

Follow Thwaite's description in Chapter VIII. Read also Gold- 
win Smith's sketch in his United States, 21-39, Andrews I, 299- 
323 and A. & T. 60-4. 

I. New York. 

C. THE MIDDLE COLONIES. 

1 The Dutch period 1609-1664. 

a Rise of New Netherland. Position of the Dutch at home; 

their struggle against Spain ; activity on the sea ; activity 

in the East Indies; frequent visits to the Hudson after 1609; 

first attempts at colonization 1623. The Dutch West India 

company and its work: The Walloon migration 1623; 

slow growth of the colony; the "patroon"' system 1629. 

Later modifications 1640. Government and governors ; 

struggle for political rights. Relations with neighbors — the 

Indians ; the French ; the Swedes. 
h The rise of New Sweden on the Delaware ; absorption by 

the Dutch 1655. 

c Character of Stuyvesant and his rule. 

T. 195-202 ; C. 95-9 ; Tho. 34-36 ; M. 97-102 ; Mc. 36-39 ; Griffis, Coloni- 
zation 55-81, 86-90 ; Lodge, 285-295 ; Roberts, New York I, 68-88. 

d The conquest of New Netherland : Geographic importance 
of the region ; of the Hudson valley ; of the Mohawk val- 
ley ; early contact with the English ; territorial disputes ; 
hostile attitude toward the Dutch 1651-55 ; the "conquest" 
of 1664. Political reasons for the conquest. 

e Have the Dutch had an important influence on American 
institutions ? 

T. 202-3 ; C. 111-112 ; Tho. 34-7 ; Mc. 55 ; Hn. 210-11 ; F. 189 ; Roberts, 
New York 1, 89-1*14 ; Brigham's Geographic Influences, 4-18. 

2 The English in control, 1664. 

a A proprietary province, 1664-1685 ; grant to the Duke of 
York (McD. 137-9) ; the "Duke's laws;" some self govern- 
ment in local affairs ; none in colonial ; struggle for repre- 
sentative government succeeds 1683-5 ; the "Charter of Lib- 
ties." 

b A royal province 1685 ; abrogation of the charter 1686. 
James' arbitrary rule; annexation to New England 1688. 
Was there any reason for it? 

c The revolution of 1688; the revolution in New York — the 
Leisler episode 1688-91 ; re-establishment of popular gov- 
ernment; character of governors. 

20 



d Foreign relations : With Indians ; the French ; the Congress 
of 1690. Growth of the colony to the end of the century. 

T. 203-7 ; Lodge, 295-302 ; Roberts, New York I, 178-231 ; B. & G. II, 
319-54. 

11. Delaware and the Jerseys. 

T. 207-214. See Lodge and in general the authorities cited above for 
fuller treatment. 

III. Pennsylvania. 

1 Early settlements. 

a The Dutch and Swedes on the west side of the Delaware 
1623-64; English rule 1664-81. 

b The Quaker settlement : George Fox and the Friends ; Penn 
and his early life ; connection with N. Jersey. The charter 
of 1681 ; boundaries of the grant ; later addition of "the 
counties" on the Delaware; powers and jurisdiction con- 
ferred ; political and religious liberality shown. The "Frame 
of Government" : Popular government granted as a right. 
Rapid growth of heterogeneous population and reasons 
therefor. 

c Later History: Boundary disputes (i) with Maryland; the 
Mason-Dixon line 1732; (2) disputes with Connecticut; 
(3) the western boundary. Suspension of proprietary 
rights 1692-94. Domestic troubles over (i) quit rents; (2) 
taxation of proprietary lands ; (3) the control of the "coun- 
ties," which became Delaware 1703 with a separate legis- 
lature. Fortunate Indian policy. Relations with other col- 
onies. 

T. 215-17 ; Mc. 55-7 ; A. & T. 56-7 ; C. 114-119 ; Tho. 41 5 ; Lodge 211- 
18 ; Griffls, Colonization 183-201. 

IV. Social, Political and Economic conditions in 1700. 

Follow Thwaite's Chapter X. See also A. & T. 65-66, and A. I. 299-322. 



SECTION FOUR. 



TH COLONIES FROM 1700 TO 1763. 
A. CHIEF FEATURES OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. 

I. Economic Development. 

1 Growth of population ; westward movement ; growth of towns ; 

easier conditions of life. 

2 Growth of industry; slight development of manufactures; why? 

Growth of commerce ; chief lines of trade ; little hampered by 
the Navigation Acts. 

II. Political Life. 

1 Development of colonial institutions along lines established in 

the 17th century. 

2 Frequent quarrels with royal and proprietary governors. 

3 Disputes over boundaries. 

4 Attacks on the charters. Make a list of such cases from 1660- 

1760. Explain the movement. 

5 Conflict with the French 1689-1748. 

6 Schemes of colonial union 1690-1750 (A. H. L. No. 14). 
T. 2G5-284 ; M. 116-128 ; P. 207-15 ; A. & T. 09-73. 

B. RELATIONS WITH THE FRENCH. 

I. The Establishment of French Power. 

1 The early activity of the French, to 1698 (see above p. 10); the 

occupation of Canada ; Champlain and his work. 

2 Westward movement along the Ottawa and the Great Lakes 

1615-59. Why this direction? 

3 Exploration of the Mississippi 1672-1682: The work of Mar- 

quette, Joliet, Hennepin and LaSalle. (Prepare a map show- 
ing the course of these explorers ; show the progress of the 
French in securing the interior by marking the chief settle- 
ments, forts, etc., with their dates down to 1748. For aid Siee 
Tho. 53, Hinsdale, Old Northwest, 38; Sheldon, American 
History, 100 ; A. & L. 73 ; Mc. 72.) 

4 Occupation of the lower Mississippi 1699. 

22 



5 Occupation of the valley of the Mississippi 1669-1748. (Hosmer, 

Louisiana Purchase, Ch. I.) 

6 Occupation of the Ohio valley 1748-1754. 

7 Boundaries of the territories thus occupied. 

8 The French grasp of the significance of geographical features. 

T. 32-6 : A. I, 323-35 ; M. 129-135 ; Mc. 60-65 ; A. & T. 73-5 ; B. & G. II, 
499-523 ; Shaler in Wlnsor's America IV, p. XXI ; Griffls, Discovery 
258-82 ; Hn. 127-36 ; Parkman, Pioneers of France, his LaSalle and 
his Struggle for a Continent 186-222 : Hinsdale, History 208-211. 
Old North West esp. 29-37 ; Hosmer. The Mi8sissii)in Valley, 30-50 ; 
Drake, MaUmj of the Great West 67-130. 

II. Political and Social Conditions in New France. 

1 The people : Numbers ; distribution ; occupations ; nature of 

settlements; towns; relations with the Indians; religion; 
power of the church ; exclusion of protestants ; work of the 
Jesuits. (Parkman Struggle for a Continent, 130-4.) Classes 
of society: The nobility; the habitants; traders; the coureurs 
dc hois; the system of land-holding; a system of "feudalism 
with its teeth drawn." 
T. 249-52 ; A. I. 336-8 : M. 135-6 ; Hinsdale History, 219-30 ; Parkman, 

Old Regime, 231-42, 289-315 ; I'arkman, The Struggle for a Continent, 

180-85. 

2 The government. 

a General conditions of a "French province." Control from 

Paris. 
h The governor general and his powers. 
c The intendant. 
d The superior council : Primarily a court, civil and criminal. 

Edicts of the King first "registered" on the council's books ; 

could establish lower courts, appointed an attorney-general. 
e Lack of popular participation in government ; laws came 

from the King as edicts or from his representatives. 
f Corruption of colonial officials ; lack of a constant policy in 

the home government. 
g Effects of "paternalism" and "centralization." 
h Comparison of French and English colonies. 

T. 249-257 ; M. 135-8 ; Sloane French War, 24-6 : Parkman, The Old 
Regime Part II, esp. 264-88 ; Parkman The Struggle for a Continent. 
2-4, 125-9, 169-73. 

III. The Struggle for North America. 

1 Elimination of other nationalities. 

a The Spanish confined to the South and West after i6th 

century; their power to be destroyed in the 19th century. 
b. The Dutch and the Swedes : The v/eakness of their hold ; 

absorption of the Swedes by the Dutch 1655 ; of the Dutcli 

23 



by the English 1664; effect of this conquest on English 
power in America. (Outlines above, p. 20 I, i d). 

2 Early hostile contact between the French and the English. i62h. 

3 Continued attitude of hostility ; the French danger and the New 

England Confederation, etc. 

4 A "half century of conflict" begins, 1689. 

a The struggle for Acadia and Canada, 1689-1748: Importance 
of William III.'s accession on European politics ; on Amer- 
ican affairs. 

b The inter-colonial wars: (i) King William's War: Date, 
chief incidents, the settlement, and situation at the end of 
the war; (2) Queen Anne's War; (3) King George's War. 
The significance of these wars. Unsettled boundaries, 1748. 

T. 252-7 ; A. I. 323-48 ; Mc. 76-81 ; Tho. 65-8 ; M. 137-0 ; C. 131-4 ; A. 
& T. 75-8 ; Hinsdale, History, 224-9 ; Consult also Parkman's Half 
Century of ConYict and his Struggle for a Continent, Fislce's New 
France and Nevi England, 233-256, and his War of Independence, 26-31. 

5 The final struggle, for Canada and Louisiana ; the French 

and Indian War. 
a The quarrel opens over the Ohio country : Examination of 
the rival claims to the region on the ground of discovery 
and exploration ; of occupation and settlement ; of control 
of water ways ; of relations with the Indians ; of "moral 
considerations" based on immediate needs of the parties. 
b Activity of each party in the region after 1748: The French 
make alliances whh the Indians, lake formal possession, 
and build forts. (On the outline map already prepared to 
show the line of forts and posts on the lakes and the Mis- 
sissippi, add the "inner chain" of forts begun after 1748, 
giving the date of each.) English activity through the 
"Ohio Company." 
c The outbreak of hostilities ; the strength of tne parties ; in 
Europe, in Asia, in America. Military weakness of divided 
pohtical authority among the English ; need of united 
action. 
H. 23-8 ; Tho. 69-72 ; Mc. 80-86 ; M. 140-5 ; Hinsdale. Old Northwest; 
History, 224-9 ; Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe, I, 5-35, 39 53, 128- 
61 ; II, 380-1 ; Struggle for a Continent, .314-18 ; Winsor's America, 
489-94 ; Sloane, French War, 33 ; Hildreth, II, 434 ; Fiske, New France 
and New England, 258-293. 

d The Albany Congress: The Indian treaty: temporary co- 
operation secured ; permanent union proposed ; Franklin's 
Plan of Union (to be read carefully). 

H. 28-30 ; C. 138-9 ; O. S. L. No. 9 : Sloane, French War, 38-51 ; A. H. 
L. No. 14 p. 10. iiinsdale, Am Government, 433-7 ; Preston's Docu- 
ments 171-87. Frothingham, Rise of the RepuUic, 141-15r. Ca. 39- 
42 ; Fiske, War of Independence, 31-8. 

24 



e Military operations: Campaigns of I75S, 1756, 1757; Euro- 
pean complications of the Seven Years War; the rise of 
Pitt ; the conquest of Canada and the fall of Quebec. 

f Results of the war: In America; transfers of territory; 
conduct of the colonies during the war; their industrial 
interests ; political results. Cost of the war and how borne. 
New position of England. Importance as a turning point 
in the world's history. 

g Temporary government of the conquest; the Royal Proc- 
lamation of 1763, (McD. Charters 267-72). 

H. 30-41; A. I. 349-70; Tho. 73-9; C. 134-8: M. 145-30; Mc. 86-91; A. 
& T. 81-86; Hinsdale, History. 229-30; Fiske, Am. Political Ideas, 54- 
6, 125 ; Bancroft 3 : 78-82 ; Sloane. French War, 75-115 ; Parkman, 
Montcalm and Wolfe, eso. 379-414 : The Strugqle for a Continent 
451-59 ; Green, English People, 715-25. For text of the treaty, McD. 
Charters, 261-6. 



SECTION FIVE. 



THE PERIOD OE THE REVOLUTION 1765- 1789. 

A. THE CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION. 
I. The Colonies at the Close of the War. 

1 The "Americans." Numbers, nationality, religion ; distribution ; 

towns : industrial conditions ; social and intellectual life. 

H 2-5 ; 19-21 , C. 139-147 ; M. 151-163 ; A. I. 299-322 ; Mc. 93-105. 

2 Colonial institutions. 

a Colonial governments : Classification as Royal, Proprietary, 
or Republican, according to method of choosing the gov- 
ernor, their common features, the extent of the suffrage. 

h Local governments : Their great importance ; forms. 

c American political ideas. 

d Origin of American institutions. 

e Divergent growth of American and English institutions. 

1 Separation of departments. — Growth of ministerial gov- 

ernment in England. 

2 Idea of the suppremacy of a written constitution. The 

supremacy of Parliament in England. 

3 Laws subject to annulment. — Position of the laws in 

England. 

25 



4 Different views as to representation. (To be considered 
later.) 

H. 2-15, 18-19; C. 162 6; A. I. 293-8; M. 163-7; Mc. 105-7; Lecky, 
Am. Rev. 1-38 ; England III, 290-317 ; Lodge, Colonics, Chapters, 2, 
4, 12, 17 and 22 ; Fiske Am. Rev. I, 38-45. 

3 Relation of the Colonies to England. 

a Sovereignty of England recognized by founders of all col- 
onies. 

b Source of charter and proprietary rights. 

c Varying degree of control by England in republican, proprie- 
tary and royal colonies. Illustrate. 

d Laws repugnant to those of England forbidden. 

e The King's power to annul colonial laws ; executive control 
through the Lords of Trade and Plantations after 1696. 
(Mc. 107.) 

f Royal orders frequently made even in republican colonies. 

g Revocation of old and grant of new, charters (T. 174-7). 

h Quarrels between the colonists and the King's officers. 
Thwaites Ch. 14. 

i Parliamentary acts affecting the colonies. 
I. The Bubble Act, 1720-4. (T. 279.) 

2 The naturalization law. 1740, 1747, 1763. 

3 Implications of the right of Parliament to legislate for 

the Colonies and Ihe denial thereof. (See Niles, Prin- 
ciples and Acts of the Revolution. 79-94.) 

4 The Navigation Acts and the Acts of Trade. (To be 

considered later.) 
j Trade relations. 

4 England's reasons for wishing closer and more definite relations 

(Winsor, VI, 15-17.) 
a The disappearance of the French power. 
l> The growing im.portance of the Colonies. 
c The increasing financial burden of the Empire. 
d The character of the new King. 

The attempt to change from a policy of "benefi.cent neglect" to 
one of closer control led to a revolt of the colonies. 

H. 9, 16-17, 43-4 ; T. 278-9 ; A. & T. 87-90 ; Lecky, Am. Rv.v, 38-42 ; 
England, 290-324 : Fiske, Am Rev. I, 1-15 ; Hildreth, United States, 
II, 514-518; Doyle, United States, 217-24. 

II. Nev/ Schemes of Control by Eng-land. 

1 Permanent militarj^ establishment to be effected. 

a Was there need of it? Who should judge of the necessity? 

H. 40, 45 ; Mc. 110 ; Lecky Ameriean Revolution 56-60. 

2 Rigorous enforcement of her commercial policy. 

26 



I. THE NAVIGATION ACTS. 

a History, purpose, and provisions of these Acts ; prior to 
1651 ; the Acts of 1660, 1663, 1672; the Sugar Act. 

b Anticipated effects of these laws. 

c Actual effects. How far injurious to the colonists? How 
far beneficial ? 

T. 104-6 and index; C. 153-5 ; Lalor, Cyclopedia II, 964-72 ; Scott, Con- 
stitutional Liberty, 185-205, 314-18 ; Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations 
(Globe Ed.) 437-508 esp. 452-65; Lecky, Am. Rev. 42-8. and England, 
324-30 : Beers, Commercial Policy; Ca. 49-51 ; B. & G. Ill, 331 ; A. H. 
L. No. 19 ; McDonald's Select Charter ; Winsor, Ameriea VI. 6-11. 

d Execution of the Acts after 1760; the '"writs of assistance; 
their nature and the power they gave ; grounds of Otis' 
contention against their legality; findings of the court; how 
far made use of; importance of the controversy. 

H. 46-8 : C. 155-8 ; Hart's Contemtwraries II, 523-5 ; Bancroft III, 
273-8 ; Tyler, Lit. Hist. Rev. I, 80-6 ; McD. Charters, 258-61 ; Winsor, 
America, VI, 11-15. 

II. ACTS RELATING TO COLONIAL INDUSTRIES. 
a Nature and extent of manufactures, 1750. 
h English policy toward woolen, hat, and iron manufactures. 
e Reasons for restrictive policy. Who asked for it? 
d Encouragements to colonial industries. Bounties, draw- 
backs, etc. 
e Estimate of the effects of the industrial policy. 

Beers has the best treatment. See also Thwaites, Lodge, Bancroft, Hil- 
dreth and Sloane for Colonial industries. Bullock's Economies, 1-52. 

3 The taxation of the Colonies. 

I. THE STAMP ACT, 17G3-1766. 

a Reasons for now using the taxing power ; earlier proposals 
to tax America ; prior use of the taxing power. 

b History of the Act : Introduction ; colonial remonstrance ; 
passage. 

c Provisions of the act. (A. H. L. No. 21, for the text.) 

d Attempted execution: Colonial opposition by (i) riots; 
(2) non-importation agreements; (3) public protest through 
Legislatures and the Stamp Act Congress : The Declara- 
tion of Rights and Grievances. Resignation of the collec 
tors. 

e Repeal and the Dependency Act, 1766, (McD. 316; and Ca. 
63-S for the Lords' Protest against repeal). 

H. 49-53 ; C. 160-171 ; Mc. 112-117 ; M. 175-80 ; Frothingham's Repub- 
lic 170-181 : Tyler's Henry, 57-68 : C. 151-53, 163-5 : Hosmer's Samuel 
Adams 46-91 : Hosmer's Hutchinson, 63-116 : McD. Charters 281-315 ; 
Preston's Documents 188-91. 



II. THE TOWNSEND ACTS OF 1767. 

a The revenue act : Provisions ; amount of revenue expected ; 
intended use of the proceeds and objections thereto; success 
as a revenue measure. 
Tj New administrative acts. 

e The ParHamentary suspension of the N. York assembly. 
d Colonial opposition and English measures to check it, but 
e Partial repeal of the revenue act 1770. 
H. 53-56; C. 171-9; McD. Charters 317-330; Tho. 90. 

III. THE RIGHT OF PARLIAMENT TO LAY TAXES. 

a Statement of the Colonial position. 

b Agreement upon the principle of representation but not upon 
its application ; American view of representation ; the Par- 
liamentary view and the English conditions supporting it; 
the doctrine of "virtual representation" : Soundness of 
American opposition to it ; the impending "reform" in Elng- 
land explains the powerful support given the colonies. 

c The dispute over the legislative suppremacy of Parliament; 
explanation of different views found in the experience of 
the two parties ; Weakness of the American position. 

d Practical solutions offered; none adopted. Why? 

e Coincidence of the American, with the English, constitu- 
tional struggle. 

C. 162-8; Tho. 83; M. 3 69-71; A. & T. 91; Lecky, Am. Rev 62-66; 
Lecky, England, III ; the resolutions of various Congresses and Legis- 
latures, in Caldwell Am. Hist. Studies, No. 4 ; Lord Mansfield's 
speech in British Orations I. 151-170 and Ca. 62-3 ; Rosmer's Hutch- 
inson. 74-81, 108-113 esp. 309-110, 363-70, 396-411 ; Burke's speeches 
on "Taxation" and "Conciliation," Tyler, Lit. Hist. Rev. I, esp. 60- 
111 ; Macy Eng Constitution 375-81 ; C. K. Adams in Atl. Mo. August, 
1898 ; Niles, Principles and Acts 79-87 ; Sloane, 142-151. 

III. Agitation, Resistance and Retaliation. 

1 The spirit of revolt in the Colonies. 

a Review of events to 1770; outlook for a friendly settlement 
at this time. 

"b Irritation over the presence of troops. The "Boston Mas- 
sacre" March 5, 1770. 

c The "Gaspee" affair. 

d Effect of the "Hutchinson letters." 

e Trouble over the tea duty. "The Boston Tea Party;" other 
acts of violence. A "choice between abdication and repres- 
sion," thus left to England. 

H. 56-8; C. 173-183; Tho. 90-4; Mc. 117-20; Lodge, Colonies. 481-7; 
Fiske War of Independence, 72-83 ; Am. Rev. I, 46-92 ; O. S. L. No. 
68 for Hutchinson's account of the tea affair ; GrifEs Colonisation, 
271-4 ; Lecky, Am. Rev. 123-54 



2 The Coercive Acts of 1774: Examine each act as to (a) its 

provisions; (b) the occasion for it; (c) the objections to it. 

H. 59-60 ; C. 183-4 ; Mc. 120-1 ; Tho. 94-5 ; M. 184-5 ; Lodge, Colonies 
487-90 ; Frothingham, Republic 344 ; Lecky, Am Rev 164-74 ; Fiske 
Am. Rev. I, 93-8, 102-310. The acts are found in McD. 337-356. 

3 The first Continental Congress, 1774. 

a Preparation for a Congress : S. Adams and his "Commit- 
tees of Correspondence;" an inter-colonial system estab- 
lished, 1773, (McD. 336). 

b The election of delegates ; attempts to prevent it ; the char- 
acter and temper of the members. 

c Its work : The Declaration of Rights ; the "Association." 

d Status and significance of the Congress. 

H. 60-3 ; C. 184-6 ; M. 185-8 ; Mc. 121-2 ; Lodge Colonics, 490-1 ; Lecky, 
Am. Rev. 179-85 ; Fiske Aw. Rev. I, 108-112 ; War of Independence 
78-80 ; Curtis, History fthe Constitution I, 8-25 ; the "Declara- 
tion," McD. Charters, 356-61 ; Preston's Documents, 192-8 ; Ca. 65-6 ; 
Hinsdale, Am. Govt. 441. The association ; McD. 362-7 ; Hinsdale, 
445-9; Preston, 199-205. 

4 The conflict precipitated. 

a England's attitude toward Colonial action ; the election 
1774- 

b Disturbed civil conditions ; overthrow of the Colonial gov- 
ernments. 

c Military preparations. Lexington and Concord. (Read 
Emerson's Concord Hymn.) 

H. 63-4; C. 186-8; Fiske, Am. Rev. I, 100-26. 

B.. THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 

I. • Government During the Period. 

1 Formation of a central government. 

a The Second Continental Congress : Need of a common cen- 
ter of consultation ; Congress soon assumes national powers ; 
organization of Congress for executive work. Status of 
the government ; method of choosing members ; basis of 
authority. 

1» Movement for a permanent union, 1775-81. (H. 93-5.) 

2 Changes in Colonial governments. (Fiske, Civil Government, 

Ch. VI, § 2.) 
a Revolt within the Colonies ; formation of provisional gov- 
ernments ; the movement for new frames of government. 
Was the consent of Congress necessary? Legal status of 
the States. (Lalor III, 789-90.) 

29 



b The new state Constitutions ; methods of forming and adopt- 
ing ; significance of the movement. 

H. 73-77, 80-2 ; C. 198-201 ; Mc. 155 ; Tho. 104 ; B. & G. Ill, 488-9 ; 
Sloane, French War, 187-8, 206-9 ; Johnston, Connecticut, 285-305 ; 
Roberts, New York, II, 392-8, 434-6 ; Browne, Maryland, 258-75 ; Cur- 
tis, Constitution I, 25-41, and passim, ch. Ill, and IV. 

II. The Movement for Independence. 

1 The original purpose not separation ; indications of this in offi- 

cial documents and utterances of public men ; but English 
fears of separation, (Lecky, Am. Rev. 184-91). 

2 Growth of the idea of separation : A small but aggressive party- 

early for independence — S. Adams'; Henry's speech, 1774; 
effect of England's attitude toward the action of the first 
Congress — Lord North's conciliatory resolution adopted ; 
Burke's resolutions rejected; the act to restrain the commerce 
of New England, March 3, 1775; the Mecklenburg Resolu- 
tions ; Congress makes its last appeal to the King, July 8, 
the "olive branch" petition (McD. Charters. 381-5) ; its re- 
jection by the King — the proclamation of rebellion August 23 
(McD. 389-91) ; by Parliament — -the "act to prohibit all trade 
with the Colonies" Dec. 22, 1775, (McD. 391-6) ; Congress 
advises the States to form constitutions ; military operations 
of the year widen the breach ; conditions at the end of 1775. 
Movement in 1776; constant agitation in Congress; pam- 
phleteers at work — Paine's Common Sense ; effect of employ- 
ing the "Hessians ;" Colonial legislatures act — the Virginia 
instructions ;^ Lee's resolutions for independence, June 7, de- 
bated but action postponed; why? Committee appointed to 
draft a declaration ; report made June 28 ; debate on Lee's 
resolutions July 1-2; on the "Declaration"' July 2-4: Dickin- 
son's speech — Cf. Adams' "supposed speech;'' the vote; pro- 
mulgation of the declaration. 

3 Examination of the Declaration. 

a Political theories contained in the document. 

b The historical grounds for the charges against the King. 

c The literary merit of the paper. 

4 Effect of declaration on the war; on political thought. 

H. 75-80; C. 203-6; M. 194-7; Tho. 105-8; A. & T. 121-6; B. &-. G. III. 
470-87 ; Frothingham, Repuhlic, 456-560 ; Hn. 265-82 ; Lecky Am. 
Rev. 185-91, 242-G, 305-310; Hildreth, United States, III. 131-7; 
Fiske Am. Rev 172-197 ; Lodge, Story of the Revolution, Ch. 7, ; 
John Adams, Works, II. 512-14 ; Sloane, French War and the Revolu- 
tion. Tyler, Lit. Hist. Rev. I. 494-591, II. 35-49 ; No Am. Rev. 163 : 
1-16 ; For Dickinson's speech in opposition to the Declaration : Niles, 
Principles and Acts of the Rev. 400-402, and Tyler, II. 21-34 ; Ellis 
in Winsor's America, VI. 231-55. 

80 



III. Military Operations. 

1 The strength of the combatants : Numbers ; financial resources ; 

military and naval forces ; geographical position ; animating 
spirit and unity on each side. 

2 Operations about Boston and the attack on Canada. 

3 The occupation of New York by the British. 

4 The contest over the Hudson — The Burgoyne campaign. The 

military importance of the region. 

5 Transfer of war to the South — The capture of "Vorktown Oct. 

19, 1781 ; movement for peace, 1782-3. 

H. 70-3, 83-5, 87-9 ; C. 206-222 : B. & G. III. ; Tho. 98-130 ; Fiske, Am. 
Rev. and The War for Independence. 

IV. The Finances of the Revolution. 

1 The industrial resources of the country: position of the revolu- 

tionary government ; lack of taxing power ; low state of 
credit ; reluctance of the States to supply funds. 

2 Sources of revenue : Loans ; requisitions ; paper money issues ; 

miscellaneous. 

3 Cost of the war. Portion borne by the Stotss ; by Congress. 

The debt at the close of the war. 

H. 89-92 : C. 223-4 ; Bancroft. United States VI, 166-70, 334-.5. 464 ; 
Hildreth, III. 44.5-8 ; Lecky, Am. Rev 287-94, 421-4, 443-9. Sum- 
ner, American Ciirrency 43-9 ; Sloane, 283-6, 373-6 ; White, Money 
and Bnnkiny (1st ed.) 134-48. 

V. Internal Dissensions. 

1 The inefficiency of Congress. 

2 Divisions among the Americans. The Loyalists ; their number ; 

distribution, importance ; their treatment by the revolution- 
ists ; their service to the British ; migration during and after 
the war ; England's dealings with them. 

3 Dissensions in the States : The spirit of lawlessness ; State 

jealousies with respect to one another ; with rtspect to Con- 
gress. 

H. 92-93; C. 224-5; Lecky, Am. Rev (Index) : Tyler, Lit. Hist. Rev. 
I. 293-315: .4 m. Hist. Rev I, 24-45; C. K. Adams, Atl. Mo. Aug. 1898. 
Card catalog. "Loyalists." 

VI. Foreis'n Relations. 

1 With friendly powers. 

a Appointment of a "Committee of correspondence, Nov. 

1775;" American agents sent abroad; their work esp. in 

France. (Harper's Mo. 42:753-63.) 
b The French alliance ; aid from other countries. 



2 With England. 

a North's overtures 1778; ofifers of the Commissioners re- 
jected ; instructions of 1779 to our agents ; their modifica- 
tion 1781. 

b Negotiations for peace 1781-3 ; fall of North's ministry after 
Yorktown ; French and Spanish complications ; break with 
Vergennes over boundaries and fisheries. 

c The treaty of 1783 : Provisions ; estimate of the treaty as a 
piece of diplomacy. 

3 With Spain. 

H. 75-6, 85 7, 95-8; C. 211-3, 225-31; Ca. 195-201; Fiske CriUcal Pe- 
riod, 1-49 ; Lecky, Am Rev. 459-85. Consult also the Lives of the 
Negotiators. For text of the treaty see Treaties and Conventions, 
375-9 ; McD. Documents 15-21 ; Preston, Documents, 232-9 ; Hildreth, 
III. 411-21 ; Bancroft, VI. 158-65, 176-92, 441. 

VII. Effects of the Revolution. 

1 Independence of the Colonies ; severance from Canada. 

2 The growth of Republican institutions. 

3 On political thought in Europe; in America. 

4 On English politics. 

a Influence on English constitutional questions. 

b Was England's colonial policy modified by her loss? 

c Efifect on English prestige. 

5 On the growth of religious toleration. 

6 On American commerce. 

H. 99-101 ; G. Smith, Vnited States 113-116. 

C. THE FORMATION OF A FEDERAL UNION. 
I. Pre-Revolutionary Conditions and Tendencies. 

1 Political and industrial isolation of the several colonies. How 

far due to England's commercial policy? 

2 The New England Confederation 1643-84. 

3 Consolidation of the colonies under Andros 1686-8. 

4 Penn's plan of Union, 1690. 

5 The Albany Congress, 1754, and Franklin's plan of Union. 
(See each of these topics in its appropriate place above.) 

II. The Revohitionary Movement. 

1 The Stamp Act Congress, 1765. 
(See above A. II. 3.) 

2 The First Continental Congress, 1774. 
(See above A. Ill, 3.) 

3 The Second Continental Congress, 177S-81. 
(See above B. I. and A. H. L. No. 14.) 

32 



III. The Articles of Confederation. 

1 Their history; Franklin's draft of July, 1775; the "grand com- 

mittee" and its report, July, 1776; discussion in Congress; 
difficulties to settle; ratification of 1781. (Hildreth III, 395- 
401.) 

2 Their chief provisions. 

a Government a Congress of one House ; its composition, elec- 
tion. Method of voting, etc. Art. V. Courts to be estab- 
lished by Congress, Art. IX. Executive power in Congress 
or a "Committee of the States." Organization of Congress 
for administrative work. 

b Certain national powers given Congress, IX, Sec. i ; foreign 
powers limited by commercial reservations made to the 
States ; retention of "sovereignty" to the States, II, III ; 
prohibitions on the States, VI. "Congress, originally the 
organ of a war league, and invested only with war and 
diplomatic powers, was politically a shadow." 

c Apportionment of expenses, VIII, and representatives, V. 

d Deficiencies as a working frame of government. 

H. 93-5, 304-5; C. 236-40; Tho. 132-3; Mc. 155-9, 163; A. & T. 178-81; 
Fieke, Critical Period 90-105 ; S. I. 12-19 ; M. 216-17 ; A. H. L. No. 20. 

3 Workings of the government. 

a Conditions unpropitious : Disturbed business conditions ; loss 
of trade, esp. British ; large importations — loss of specie : 
demoralizing effects of the war. Natural reaction against 
union. Specific problems ; disbandnient of the army ; bur- 
den of debt ; newness of the undertaking. 
H. 103-6 ; C. 236 : Tho. 134-5 ; Wa. 1-13 ; Schouler, United States, I, 
16-22. 

b Territorial settlement with the states. 

1 Claims to western lands ; cession a consideration to rat- 

ifying the Articles ; difficulties over the cession 1781- 
1802. 

2 Government of the ceded territory: The Ordinance 

for the Northwest Territory; History, 1784-7; pro- 
visions as to temporary and permanent government, 
future statehood, religious freedom, education, slavery, 
etc. ; estimate of importance ; legality of the Ordinance. 
(C. 249.) 

3 Westward movement of population. 

H. 107-9; C. 241-9; M. 221-4; Mc. 159-62; Wa. 39-40; Piske, Critical 
Period, 187-207 ; Text of Oi-dinance, O. S. L. No. 13 ; McD. Documents, 
21-8, Preston, Documents, 240-50. 

c The finance of the Confederation. 

I The war debt, Art. XII ; current expenses and interest ; 
means of meeting them, Art. VIII, IX, 1| 7. The use 
made of the borrowing power. 

33 



2 Failure of the requisition plan ; defects of the currency ; 

disordered state finances. 

3 Attempts at reform : Attempt to amend the plan of ap- 

portionment ; Morris' administration. The taxing 

power sought ; the five per cent, scheme and revenue 
scheme fail. 

H. 109-12, 117-18 ; C. 253-5 ; Mc. 164 ; Wa. 14-15 ; Piske, Critical Pe- 
riod, 163-73 ; Giay's Madison, 35-43 ; Roosevelt's Morris, 99-108 ; 
Schouler, United States, I, 21-4; Hildreth, II. 450-3, 462-8; A. H. L. 
No. 28, for attempted reforms. 

d Foreign relations. 

1 With England, unsatisfactory ; loss of trade ; inability 

to secure commercial treaty, and the reasons ; failure 
of the commerce amendment 1784-6. 

2 With Spain : Commercial intercourse and navigation of 

the Mississippi desired ; the Florida boundary ; Jay's 
negotiations ; western threats. 

3 State violation of treaties. 

H. 115-18; C. 251-5; Fiske, Critical Period, 134-44, 207-13; McMaster, 
People of the United States, I, 371-80, 412-16. 

e Rivalries between the States : The Wyoming Valley dis- 
pute; the Green Mountain controversy. Renewal of tariff 
duties by the States about 1784 (none had been imposed 
during the war) ; these, at first for revenue, become pro- 
tective and retaliatory; commercial warfare of New York 
with New Jersey and Connecticut; of Virginia and Mary- 
land — the "Capes tax." 

f Disintegration of the Union at hand. 

g Disturbances in the States. Shay's Rebellion, etc. 

H. 117-19 ; C. 255-7 ; Fiske, Critical Period, 142-5 ; A. & T. 180 ; Tho. 
134; M. 224. 

IV. The Struggle for the Constitution. 

1 The movement for a convention. 

a Agitation for a stronger government 1781-6. See writings 
of Washington, Hamilton,, Jefferson, P. Webster and 
others. (Ca. 74-80.) Washington's Circular Letter, 1783 
(O. S. L. No. 15). 

b Commercial troubles lead to 

1 The Alexandria conference 1785 and this to 

2 The Annapolis convention 1786 (Ca. 87-8), and this in 

turn to 

2 The meeting of the Federal Convention, 1787. 

a The call made by Congress February 21, 1787. 
b Appointment of delegates by the States. Compare their in- 
structions and authority. (Ca. 88-90). 



c Character of the members ; organization of the convention. 

d The difficuhies before the convention : Limits of its power; 
conflicting political theories; conflicting interests of states 
and sections. Illustrate. 

H. 119-23 ; C. 254-9 ; Hn. 294-305 ; A. & T. 181-4 ; Mc. 164-6 • Wa 13- 
27 ; Ca. 74-90 ; Madison's Journal, 32-48 : S. I. 29-38 ; Lalor I 637-8 • 
McMaster, United States, I, 389-99, 417-453. O. S. L No 99'- Fi^kf.' 
Critical Period. 215-35. ' ' ' 

3 The work of the Convention. 

a Nature of the government. Opposing views; federal plan 
adopted; division of authority between the states and the 
central government; Art. I., §§ 8, g, lo. Amdts. IX, X. 
Large financial and commercial power in the federal gov- 
ernment; limitations of commercial power as to state 
commerce and importation of slaves. Supremacy of the 
constitution. 

b Formation of three departments; attempts to separate 
these; a system of "checks and balances." 

e RepresentatioH of the States. The Connecticut compromise, 
Art. I, §3, If I ; the three-fifths compromise, Art. I, ^2, ^ s; 
The other "slave clauses," Art. I, § g, and Art. IV, § 2, U 3'. 

d Details of the Constitution: Method of electing the presi- 
dent; amendment, Art. V; ratification, Art. VII. 

e Sources of the constitution: How far new? Hov/ far the 
result of experience? Colonial and English analogies. 

H. 124-8 ; C. 260-70 : Wa. 21-50 ; M. 224-9 ; Mc. 166-9 ; Smith. United 
States, 121-9; Fislse, Critical Period, 230-305; Curtis, Constitution, 
II, for full discussion. Madison's Journal, for debates in the conven- 
tion on vital points. Lalor, Cyclopedia, I, 637-640 ; S. I, 36-47 • Mc- 
Master, I, 454-501. 

4 Ratification of the Constitution 1787-1790. 

a Transmission to the States by Congress, September 28, 1787. 
h Stages of ratification: (i) conventions called; (2) delegates 
chosen ; (3) debates in the conventions ; (4) the vote for 
adoption. 

c The rise of parties; the state of public opinion; arguments 
used for and against ratification; proposed amendments; 
the service of the "Federalist." 

d Progress of ratification. 

e By whom ratified; By the States? By the peop'.t- of the 
States? By the people of the United States? 

H. 128-35 ; C. 270-5 : M. 229-32 ; Mc. 168-70 ; Wa. 51-62 ; Fiske. Critical 
Period, 306-45 ; Curtis, History of the Constitution. II, 479-604 ; 
Stephens, War between the States, I, 207-297 ; S. I, 53-69. 

35 



SECTION SEVEN. 



NATIONAL GROWTH UNDER THE CONSTI- 
TUTION. 

I. The United States in 1789. 

1 The country : Area, extent and general character ; boundaries ; 

neighbors. Do the boundaries seem to be natural ones? 

2 The people : Racial elements ; numbers and distribution over the 

country; relative importance of town and country life; size 
of towns. (Mc. 176-9.) Classes of society; the slaves num- 
ber, distribution; sentiments about slavery; progress toward 
emancipation. (S. I, 3-6.) The extent of the suffrage. In- 
tellectual life. 

3 Means of transportation. 

4 Occupations : Agriculture north and south ; commerce, charac- 

ter and extent ; the beginnings of manufactures. 

Mc. 175-96; A. & T. 191-5; C. 317-30. These writings do not describe 
conditions in this particular year, but in the period when the consti- 
tution is put in operation. See also, Schouler I, 1-12, 142-5, and Mc- 
Master I, ch I. 

II. The Organization of the New Government. 

[Note : The pupil should first understand what are the provisions of 
the constitution for each branch of the government to be organized, 
then ascertain what was done to put these provisions into effect. Let 
the imagination be drawn upon to supply the deficiencies left by the 
reading till the steps in the process are clearly seen.] 

1 Congress. Art. I. § i. 

a The House; constitutional provisions, Art. I, § 2; the elec- 
tion of members; meeting; organization cf the House; 
character as compared with the Senate 

b The Senate; constitutional provisions, Art. I, §3-4; elec- 
tion ; character ; practices. 

c A comparison of the two houses. Importance of the first 
Congress. 

2 The Executive. Art. II, § i. 

a First election: Methods of choosing electors; the vote of 
the electors; time and place of meeting fixed by the old 
Congress. The inauguration. 

b Formation of departments ; Washington's Cabinet. 

36 



c Relations established between the executive departments and 
Congress. 

3 The Judiciary. 

a Constitutional provisions as to Courts and Jurisdiction, Art. 

III. 
b The judiciary Act of Sept. 24, 1789; the supreme court; 

three Circuit Courts; Attorney-General; Marshals, district 

attorneys, etc. 

H. 141-6 ; C. 263-9, 279-87 ; M. 233-9 ; Tho. 141-9 ; Mc. 196-8 ; Wa. 88- 
99 ; Schouler, United States, I, 74-85, 93-7 ; McMaster, I, 525-44. 

4 The Finances. 

A. PROVISION FOR A REVENUE, ART. I § 8. 

a The tariff act of July 4, 1789. 

1 The list of articles extensive. 

2 Duties specific and ad valorum. Examples. 

3 Success as a revenue measure. 

4 Important questions involved : sectional interests ; pro- 

tection to infant industries. 

b The Tonnage Tax, July 20 : The question of treaty discrim- 
ination; revenue derived. 

c The excise law, March 3, 1791 : Purpose and results; hostil- 
ity to the tax and the reasons therefor. 

H. 146-8 ; C. 288-295 ; Wa. 84-7 ; M. 201-4 ; McMaster, I, 544-554 ; 
Schouler, I, 86-93, 158-9; h&lor, Cyclopedia. Ill, 858-9. For text of 
the tariff act, AnnaU of Congress, II, 2183-6 ; Tarift Acts 1789-1895, 
9-11. Hart's Source Book, 183-6. 

B. THE PUBLIC DEBT. 

a The federal debt, Art. VI. 

1 The foreign debt : Form and amount ; Hamilton's plan 

of refunding adopted ; effect on the public credit. 

2 The domestic debt : Form and amount ; Hamilton's plan 

of changing old debt at par for new ; arguments for and 
against ; Hamilton's plan adopted ; effect on public 
credit. 

b The war debt of the states. 

1 Condition of the debt ; arguments for and against as- 

sumption; was there constitutional authority for it? 

2 The "bargain" by which assumption was carried ; 

amount assumed. 

3 Effect on the drawing of party lines. Other effects. 

H. 148-9 ; C. 288-91 ; M. 240-1 ; Mc. 198-201 ; Wa. 78-81 ; B. & G. IV, 
105-7 ; S. I, 130-142 ; McMaster, I, 566-84 ; Lalor, II, 190-1. 



C. THE UNITED STATES BANK. 
a Controversy over authorising it. 

1 Financial reasons for it. 

2 Financial objections. 

3 Constitutional objections : Authority of Congress de- 

nied; opposing views; Washington's acceptance of the 
doctrine of "implied powers." 
b Provisions of the charter: Capital; term; branches; monop- 
oly; relation of the government to the bank. 
c Success of the bank, 1791-1811. 
D. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE MINT, 1792. 
5 Success of the new government. 

H. 150-3 ; C. 293-5 ; M. 241-3 ; Mc. 201-3 ; Wa. 81-4 ; S. I, 159-62 ; Lalor, 
I, 199-201 ; McMaster, II, 25-32, 35-38 ; White, Money and Banking, 
258-62 ; McD. Charters, 76-81 ; Lodge's Hamilton; Morse's Jefferaon. 

III. The Struggle for Neutrality. 

A. FEDERALIST SUPPREMACY, 1789-1801. 

1 The rise of parties. 

a Absence of parties in the Colonial period ; adoption of names 
Whig and Tory during the revolution. 

h Formation of parties in the constitutional struggle (i) over 
adoption and nature of government — Federalist and Anti- 
federalists; (2) over interpretation — Federalist and, by 
I793> Republican. Leaders and principles. Personal politics; 
the party press. 

c Foreign relations supercede domestic policy in American 
politics, 1793-1815. 

2 The European situation. 

a The French revolution, 1789; France a republic 1792; re- 
publican excesses, 1792-4; war with Austria 1792; with 
England 1793 ; the first coalition 1793. 

b The government of the Directory 1795-99. 

c The supremacy of Napoleon (i) as consul 1799-1804; (2) 
as emperor, 1804-1815. 

d The Napoleonic wars : War of the second coalition, 1799- 
1801 ; the peace of LunevilJe, 1801 ; the peace of Amiens, 
England and France, March, 1802; war renewed 1804-1814; 
Waterloo, June 18, 1815. 

e The "Congress of Vienna" and the "Holy Alliance," 1815. 

H. 155-8 ; C. 295-6 ; M. 242-5 ; Wa. 94-7 ; Johnston, American Politics, 
5-27; Morse, Jefferson, 106-128, 143-4; S. I, 53, 72. 165-9, 202-3; 
McMaster, II, 308-20, 367-79 and 390 fif. 

38 



3 Relations with England 1793-5. 

a Attitude of the countries since 178,3. United States deter- 
mines upon a policy of neutrality, April, 17Q3. 

Tj Old grievances against England : Wiestern posts ; commer- 
cial discriminations ; non-payment for slaves. 

c Grievances arising from the war, over (i) the risht of 
search, and impressments; (2) the right of neutrals to car- 
ry the goods of aii .enemy; (3) what constitutes "contra- 
band of war;" (4) the "rule of 1756;" (5) and later, what 
constitutes a blockade. War threatened ; a temporary em- 
bargo, March, 1794. 

d Jay's mission, 1794-5 : The treaty power under the consti- 
tution. Art. II, § 2. Jay's treaty: History; provisions: 
Surrender of western posts ; withdrawal of commercial dis- 
criminations ; the Xllth article and its suspension; a com- 
mission to adjust British debts. Effect on relations with 
England ; on the Federalists ; on France. 

H. 160-3 ; C. 296-302 ; M. 246-50 : Tho. 151-3 ; Wa. 119-23 ; S. I, 260- 
4, 289-97, 307-17 ; Johnston, Politics, 33-40 ; Pellew's Jay, Ch. XI ; 
Lalor, III, 945-6. Text of the treaty in Treaties and Conventions, 
379-395 ; McD. Documents, 114-30. 

4 Relations with France, 1793-1800. 

a Review of earlier relations. 

b Question of treaty obligations to France; of moral obliga- 
tion ; neither recognized by United States ; the proclama- 
tion of neutrality, April 22, 1793. 

c The Genet episode: Genet's demands; hostile measures to- 
ward England; popular enthusiasm — the "Democratic 
Clubs ;" Genet overreaches himself and is recalled. 

d Hostile attitude of France over the Jay treaty, etc.; Mon- 
roe's mission, and recall, 1796; Pinckney rejected by Di- 
rectory; further efforts for harmony thru Marshall and 
Gerry, 1797-8, lead to the X. Y. Z. affair (Hart Source 
Book, 191-4) ; war spirit roused in America; Federalism 
ascendant. 

e War with France, 1798-9; War not declared tho actual war 
existed; military and naval preparations; questionable ex- 
pedition against Spain; Federalist dissension over leader- 
ship ; Adams secures a treaty 1800 but breaks with his party 
(H. 172). 

5 Relations with Spain. 

H. 158-9, 166-8, 172 ; C. 302-5, 310-12 ; Tho. 155-6 ; Wa. 115-19, 122, 
125, 138-43 ; Lodge's Washington, II, 129-215, for a full treatment of 
foreign relations, Hildreth, IV, 411-39, 645-53, V. 250-9 ; Lalor, III, 
1122-73 ; Schouler, I, 373-92, 426-35. 

39 



6 Domestic affairs. 

a The Alien and Sedition laws : Purposes, provisions and 
prosecutions under them. 

1 The Alien acts. 

2 The Sedition act. 

"b The Kentucky and Virginia resolutions : Examination ol 
their constitutional doctrines. 

H. 168-71 ; C. 306-310 ; M. 255-7 ; Tho. 156-7 ; Wa. 149-55 ; B. & G. IV. 
127-30 ; Johnston, Politics, 47-50 ; S. I, 392-404, 419-26. A. H. L. No. 
15 ; McD. Documents, 137-147. 

c The election of i8oo — The downfall of the Federalists. 

1 The Presidential election : Candidates ; the campaign ; 

the electoral vote; election by the House; mode of 
election changed. Const. Art. II, § 2 ; the Xllth 
amendment. 

2 Congressional and Senatorial elections. 

3 Reasons for Federalist losses. 

H. 165-75 ; C. 312-13 ; Wa. 162-7 ; Morse's John Adams, 311-23 ; Stan- 
wood, Presidential Eelections, 30-44 ; Jolanston's Politics, 52-4 ; Mc- 
Master, II, 508-27 ; S. I, 480-488, 492-501. 

7 Resume of the Federalist period. 

a Successful organization of the government ; financial and 
business stability ; improved foreign standing but still ruled 
by foreign influence — i. e. still "colonial" in spirit. 

b Constitutional changes. 

1 Amendments to restrain federal power: The Bill of 

Rights, I-X ; the Xlth amendment. 

2 Federal power greatly strengthened by the mere exercise 

of federal powers, as of taxation ; of military force : 
the Indian wars; the Whisky Rebellion; by the application 
of the doctrine of "implied powers." 

c The Judiciary Act, Feb. 13, 1801. 

d The excellences and defects of Federalist rule. 

B. REPUBLICAN SUPREMACY, 1801-1816. 

1 The political revolution of 1801. 

a Jefferson's character; training; efficiency as a political lead- 
er; his political philosophy; views as to the constitution. 
(See the Kentucky Resolutions for his principles; also 
S. I, 473-5 ; S. II, 198-201, has an estimate of Jefferson's 
character.) 

b The times : The trend toward democracy ; material condi- 
tions of the country ; temporary freedom from European 
troubles. 

2 Jefferson's domestic policy. 

a The Civil Service : Policy as announced, as followed ; cf. 
that of Washington. 

40 



b Attitude toward the judiciary: Repeal of the Judiciary Act; 
objections to repeal; commissions of the "midnight" 
appointees withheld — Marbury vs. Madison. Impeachment 
of Pickering and Chase. (Const. Art. I, § 2, 1| 6, § 3, t[ 6-7.) 

H. 176-S2 ; C. 330-6 ; Wa. 169-73 ; Johnston's Politics, 55-7 ; Magruder's 
John Marshall, 181-5 ; Schouler, II, 1-11. 

c Financial policy : Retrenchment ; reduction of taxes ; pay- 
ment of the debt. How far successful? Cf. Federalist 
finances. 

d The army and navy : Reduction of forces ; militar> weak- 
xiess ; but success in the Barbary wars ; establishment of the 
military Academy. 

© Expansion — Purchase of Louisiana. 

1 History of the region ; Spanish and French attempts to 

exclude Americans, 1783 ; navigation of the Mississippi 
and the right of deposit denied, 1786, gained, 1795 ; 
American designs, 1798-9 — the "Miranda affair;'' Span- 
ish retrocession to France, 1800. Napoleon's plans. 

2 Negotiations and purchase. 

3 Constitutional and political questions involved. Jeffer- 

son's doubts ; his proposed amendment ; strict construc- 
tion principles surrendered; Federalist opposition; Fed- 
eralist threats of secession; strength ot the Republi- 
cans in election of 1804. 

4 Importance of the purchase. 

H. 182-9 : C. 336-40 : Tho. 160-3 ; Wa. 179-84 ; Schouler, II, 40-51 ; Lalor, 
I, 93-6, 609 ; Card catalog "Louisiana." 

3 Renewed attacks on neutral trade. 

a Commercial advantages of neutrality ; prosperity, 1803-4. 
b English admiralty decisions, 1805, affecting the rule 1756 

and our re-export trade. 
c The "continental system" developed; English blockades; 

seizure of American vessels by both sides ; impressments. 

4 American remedies. 

a Weak policy of non-resistance : the "gunboat system" of 
defense; the Monroe or Pinkney treaty (Dec. 1806) re- 
jected by Jefferson; Non-importation Act (April, 1806) 
in effect, Nov., 1806; its ineffectiveness. The outrage on 
the Chesapeake leads to stronger measures. 

b The Embargo Act (Dec. 22, 1807) : Its previsions; effects 
on England, France, the United States, north and south ; 
its unpopularity, evasions; Republican losses 1808; repeal, 
Feb., 1809. 

c Further efforts to avoid war; Non-intercourse Act (Mar. 4, 
1809) ; Negotiations for a treaty with England through 
Erskine and Jackson, and their failure. THe modified non- 
41 



intercourse policy of Macon's Bill No. 2 (May, 1810) ; Na- 
poleon's use of it. 

H. 191-203 ; C. 343-352 ; B. & G. IV, 171-184 ; Wa. 190-203 ; Johnston, 
Politics, 68-75 ; S. II, Ch. V-VII. 

5 The War of 1812. 

a The declaration : Rise of the "new men ;" growth of the 
war spirit ; Madison's message of June i ; the declaration 
June 18, 1812. 

b The causes assigned. 

c Military operations : Strength of the parties ; the war on 
land; failure of the invasion of Canada; British invasion; 
capture of Washington. New Orleans. Naval warfare (i) 
on the lakes ; (2) on the ocean ; the navy and its work ; 
the privateeers and their successes. 

d Disunion sentiment in New England : Federalist hostility 
to purchase of Louisiana 1803; to its admission 181 1; to 
war ; distrust of the war leaders ; the militia question ; the 
Hartford Convention : Its composition ; secret character ; 
supposed treasonable designs ; resolutions adopted ; effect 
on the Federalist party. The prominent part taken by New 
England in the war. (H. 214-18; Wa. 240-7; C. 365-7.) 

e The Treaty of Ghent : Conditions favorable to peace ; the 
American commissioners ; negotiations ; terms. Later set- 
tlement (i) as to commerce (1815, 1818) ; (2) as to naval 
force on the lakes 1817; (3) as to fisheries. Oregon, and 
the northern boundary, (1818). C. 374. 

f Results of the war: Cost in men and money; the public 
debt ; derangements of currency and business ; effect on ex- 
ports, imports and the customs. Growth of national power. 

H. 203-222; C. 352-68; A. & T. 223-42; Mc. 230-9; Tho. 171-8; Wa. 
230-49; B. & G. IV, 185-242, esp. 225-32; Hn. 360-80; S. II. 371-4, 
381-455 ; Richardson's Messages and Documents I, 499-505 ; Annals of 
Congress 12 Cong. 1st sess. part 2, 2196-2223 and 13th Cong. 3d 
sess. appendix 1416-1497 ; Schurz's Glay I, 67-112 ; Lalor, I, 624-6 ; 
McMaster, IV, 211, 246-55, 261-76; Hldreth, VI, 532, 545-54; Hart, 
Source Book 212-16. 

IV. Political, Social, and Economic, Re-organization. 

A. THE GROWTH OF NATIONAL FEELING. 

1 Conditions favoring national growth. 

a Emancipating effects of the war; pride in victories; dis- 
appearance of party rancors ; meaning of the "era of good 
feeling;"' habit of living together confirmed; a national gov- 
ernment no longer "foreign;" no longer an "experiment;" 
beginnings of a national literature. 



b The growth of population and the westward movement: 
Population by decades 1790-1840 ; immigration and its effect 
on national life; growth of the "West;" new states formed 
1791-1840. (Mc. 266-74 and McMaster, IV, 381-96.) 

c New industrial conditions : Disturbed finances needing 
reform ; new non-maritime states requiring new policies ; 
improved means of transportation, (turnpikes, canals, and 
after 1827, railroads) ; the rise of manufactures. 

H. 220-5; C. 368-70; M. 296-302; Wa. 264-73; Hn. 381-430; A. & T, 
242 ; Mc. 241-55 is especially good on the industrial changes since 
1789. 

2 Evidences of national growth. 

a, The second United States Bank chartered 1816; condition 
of finances since 181 1; history of the law; provisions as to 
capital, branches, relations to the government in respect to 
stock, control, deposit of funds, the "bonus" etc. ; the vote ; 
Republican support. 

b Passage of the Internal Improvement Bill. 

1 Earlier conditions and activities : Means of transpor- 

tation 1789-1815. Private enterprise in turnpiices and 
canals in the 1790's ff. ; slow development; aid given 
private ventures by States and by Congress ; Congress 
refuses aid to the Erie canal 1809-1814;. State activity 
after 1816, especially after 1825 ; New York opens the 
"Mohawk Gateway" to the west ; Pennsylvania seeks to 
reach Pittsburg by canals. Congress and the Cumberland 
Road 1803-20. Gallatin's report 1808; Jefferson's views. 

2 Condition of transportation during and after the war. 

3 Calhoun's "bonus bill" passed ; vetoed Mar. 3, 1817 ; 

(Richardson I 584-5) ; arguments for and against, 
esp. as to constitutionality ; the vote. 

4 Later movements: A period of quiescence 17-7-1824; 

continuation of the Cumberland Road ; Adams favors 
improvements; new plans submitted 1824-6; beginning 
of river and harbor appropriations under Adams ; Jack- 
son's veto of the Maysville road bill (Richardson II, 
482-93) ; appropriations forced on Jackson by use of 
"riders ;" amounts voted during each administration. 
State activity 1825-1842. (See B. 6, a, below.) 

H. 226-9, 253-5 ; Hinsdale, History 277-87 ; Lalor I, 201,- ib. II, 568-70 ; 
White, Money and Banking 271-80 ; Sehurz's Clay I, 62-6, 126-38 ; 
MacMaster IV, 309-12, 381-6, 410-29. 

c The Protective Tariff Act of 1816. 

1 Tariff legislation 1789-1812 ; increase of duties during 

the war; range of duties; revenue measure. 

2 A new policy begun : Rise of manufactures and need 

of protection ; growth of the West and need of a "home 



market;" history of the act of 1816; its provisions; 
was it sectional ? 

d Important judicial decisions. 

1 Strengthening federal power: Position of the Supreme 

Court; character of the Judges; the Olmstead case; 
Martin vs. Hunter's Lessee; 'Cohens vs. Virginia; Mc- 
Culloch vs. Maryland 1819; Osborne vs. the Bank 1824. 

2 Limiting state power: Fletcher vs. Peck; the Dart- 

mouth College case. 

H. 229-31; 234-6; C. 368-74; M. 292-95; Tho. 185-7; Von Hoist, Cal- 
houn 27-35 ; McMaster, 319-46, 497 ; Lalor, III, 859-60 ; Hildreth 
VI, 583-8 ; Magruder's John Marshall 184-201 ; Moore's Am. Congress 
219-20. 

e A strong foreign policy. 

1 New treaties with all countries ; favorable conventions 

with England : The commercial treaty of 181 5. Settle- 
ment of the fisheries question; the Northern boundary 
and the Oregon question. Dealings with the Medi- 
terranean powers. 

2 Relations with Spain: The quarrel over West Florida; 

East Florida threatened; treaty of cession (1819) rati- 
fied (1821) ; the western boundary line settled. (Draw 
a map showing the disputed boundaries and where they 
were fixed.) 

3 Announcement of the Monroe Doctrine. Relations with 

the Latin American states; the Holy Alliance; the 
Russian ukase of 1821 ; protest against European in- 
terference — The "Monroe Doctrine ;" later applications. 
3 Estimate of national growth to Adams's Administration. (Wa. 
267-73-) 

H. 231-4, 241-4 ; A. & T. 247-50 ; M. 307-9 ; Mc. 259-65 ; C. 374-81 ; Tho. 
189-191 ; A. Ill, 42-51 ; McMaster IV, 457-83 : Schonler III, 84-97, 
130, 175, 189; Morse's J. Q. Adams 111-21. 129-37; Lalor II, 898- 
900 ; Gilman's Monroe 156-74 ; Moore's American Congress 229-34. 

B. THE GROWTH OF DEMOCRACY. 

1 Conditions of the suffrage 1789-1816; more rapid growth after; 

reasons. Conservative habits of colonial times; influence of 
"old families"' in state and federal politics ; character of Jef- 
fersonian democracy; federalist traditions continue thru Mon- 
roe and Adams. 

2 The election of 1824. (Study the XHth Amendment.) 
a Absence of party organization. 

b The candidates ; characteristics ; methods of nomination. 

(B. 131-6.) 
c The campaign and its results. 

44 



d The election by the House; union of Adams and Clay fac- 
tions — soon called National Republicans. Charge of a "cor- 
rupt bargain;" bearing on the election of 1828; Jackson 
men soon take the name of Democrats. 

H. 245-51 ; W. 12-18 ; Tho. 192-4 ; A. & T. 254-8 ; Goldwln Smith, 191- 
2 ; Stanwood, 79-95 ; Morse's J. Q Adams 164-178 ; S. Ill, 324-9 ; 
Sumner's Jackson, 76-99 ; Moore Am. Congress, 240-253. 

3 Elections of 1828 and 1832. 

a New political methods: Party organization developed; new 
method of nominating candidates ; popular choice of elec- 
tors; reward of party workers. 

b Campaign of 1828: Estimate of Adams's rule (McMaster, 
V. 515, and A. & T. 257). Jackson's character and career; 
nature of his support; the vote; causes of his success; 
Jackson as a "representative of the people;'' compaiison of 
Jacksonian, with Jeffersonian, democracy (S. Ill, 65-6). 
The inauguration S. Ill, 449-53). The appearance of the 
Anti-masonic party. 

c Re-election of Jackson over Clay 1832; National conven- 
tions ; party platforms. 

W. 19-26, 62-65; A. & T. 263-5; Tho. 198-202, 206; C. 395-405; Hn. 
439-41 ; Stanwood, 96-101 ; S. Ill, 434-40, 449-54 ; Johnston's Politics 
103-110, 118-119 ; Goldwin Smith, 193-6 ; Von Hoist II, 2-6, 11 ; Moore, 
254-9 ; McMaster V, 515-16. 

4 Party use of the Civil Service — The Spoils System. 

a Earlier policies of removing and appointing civil servants ; 
Washington's principles; Jefferson's (H. 179-80): J. Q. 
Adams's (Schurz's Clay, I, 259-62). Connection with party 
organization; use of officers to maintain local organization 
in New York and Pennsylvania. Effect of Crawford's 
tenure of office act 1820. 

b Jackson's policy : Cabinet appointments ; the clamor for 
office and reasons therefor; influence of private advisers — 
the "Kitchen Cabinet ;" wholesale removals ; criticism and 
defence of the policy. 

c The "Spoils System" becomes established. 

H. 245-7 ; W. 26-34 ; A. & T. 271-4 ; C. 413-14 ; S. Ill, 453-62 ; A. Ill, 
80-4 ; Lalor III, 565-9, 782-4 ; Schurz's Clay I, 259-62, 332-6 ; Sum- 
ner's Jackson 147-8 ; Morse's J. Q. Adams 177-84 ; Shepard's Van 
Buren 38-48, 117-20, 152, 177-83, 199; Richardson's Messages II, 
448-9. 

5 The Bank Controversy. 

a History of the bank 1816-1830 ; early success ; mismanage- 
ment 1819 ; reform ; its constitutionality established 1819. 

b Jackson's hostility 1829-32; the i>ank re-charter act passed 
1832 ; vetoed July 10 ; economical and constitutional the- 
ories of the veto; the bank in the presidential campaign; 

45 



Jackson's re-election Nov., 1832; secures an investigation 
of the bank 1833; its results; Jackson resolves on the 

e "Removal of the deposits." Cabinet changes; Taney's with- 
drawal order September 26, 1833 (McD. 295-8) ; the ques- 
tion of authority; of policy ;_effect on the bank; on busi- 
ness; controversy with the Senate; censure, protest, ex- 
punging resolutions, 1833-37. 

d Later history of the bank. 

e New depositories chosen; the "pet banks;" relation to the 
crisis of 1837. The Independent Treasury schem.e; pro- 
posed by Van Buren; enacted July 1840 ; repealed 1842 by 
the Whigs ; restored 1846 by the Democrats and still exists. 

W. 70-84, 88-91, 93-98 ; Tho. 205-6, 220-3 ; C. 428-32 ; A. Ill, 84-6 ; 
Sumner's Jackson 259-76, 297-308 ; S. IV, 44-54, 68-71, 133-47 '; Lalor 
I, 209; Schurz's Clay II, 23-51, 99-106, 136-45; McD. Documents; 
Mooro 294-309 ; Richardson's Messages. Benton's Thirty Years' View, 
I, 232-3, 251-4, 727 ; White's Money and Banking 287-313. 

6 The Crisis of 1837. 

a Material development 1816-1840: Development of "the 
West;" growth of means of transportation — turnpikes — 
canals, steam navigation, railroad building 1828-1840 (make 
a table showing the increase in mileage) ; State enterprises 
in internal improvements : The middle west seeks con- 
nections with the New York and Pennsylvania improve- 
ments; extravagant plans of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. 
Land speculation ; facts shown by government sales (pre- 
pare a table showing the facts). Rapid and unsound 
growth laid the train for a panic. 

1> Financial conditions contributing to the panic. Payment 
of the national debt ; the distribution of the "surplus ;" 
relation of this to the tariff question ; use of the "pet banks" 
as depositories ; multiplication of banks of issue, all lead- 
ing to inflation ; Jackson's attempt to stay the flood. Hope 
of supplying gold and silver currency 1834-5 ; notes of only 
specie paying banks received by the Treasury; the "Specie 
Circular" July 11, 1836, precipitates 

c The crisis of 1837 : Its characteristics ; effect on the develop- 
ment of the west on political parties. 

W. 86-95 ; Tho. 209-222 ; Mc. 279-90, 307-11 ; A. & T. 283-7 ; A. Ill, 91- 
8 ; M. 331-41 ; C. 432-5 ; S. IV, 276-86 : Schurz's Clay II, 113-27 ; 
Shepard's Van Buren, 242-77. 

7 The change of parties 1840. 

a The Democrats discredited: held responsible for the panic; 

effects of the Spoils System; the Seminole war; appearance 

of the Texas question. 
b Growth of the Whig party 1834-40: Its antecedents; its 

principles. 

46 



c Election of 1840 : Candidates ; methods ; results. 

d The death of Harrison. 

e The breach with Tyler over the restoration of the bank 

1S41 ; veto of the first and second Wlfig tariffs June and 

August 1842. 
f The Ashburtcn Treaty. 

W. 98-101, 112-114, 133-41 ; Mc. 315-17 ; Tho. 2^4-7 ; C. 435-40 ; A. Ill, 
93-108 ; M. 345-40 ; A. Ill, 93-108 ; M. 345-51 ; Stanwood, 123-39 ; 
Schouler IV, 324-41, 389-96 ; Shepard's Van Buren, 323-39. 

C. DEVELOPMENT OF THE THEORY OF STATE 
SOVEREIGNTY. 

1 Preliminary Survey. 

a Naturalness of the early states rights sentiments ; general 
failure to realize the extent of national power created by 
the Constitution: but, Patrick Henry's warning. 

"b Expressions of anti-national feeling : The Bill of Rights ; 
the Xlth amendment ; the Kentucky and Virginia resolu- 
tions ; New England disunion sentim.ent 1807-1815 ; Georg- 
ia's defiance of Federal authority in the Cherokee affair 
1824-1829 (H. 255-6; W. 35-8). 

c These sentiments greatly overborne by national sentiment. 

2 The Nullification Troubles. 

a The economic side — sectional divergences. 

1 Difference in industrial development between North and 

South. 

2 The public land question : views as to use of these 

lands ; interests of the East in conflict with those of the 
South and West; the Foot resolution and the "great 
debate." 

3 The tariff: History and character of the act of 1816; of 

1824 ; of 1828 ; source of support for each measure. 
Effect on the North ; on the South. 
Reasons for lack of manufactures m the South ; for 
lack of immigration. The constitutional question of 
the tariff: The right to lay taxes for protection; for 
the general welfare; question of uniformity of taxa- 
tion; the "export tax" theory. Protest of Southerfi 
legislatures against the tariff. 

H. 229-31, 247-8, 357-8 ; W. 39-43, 48-52 ; C. 403-10 ; A. Ill, 63-9 ; 
Schouler III, 295-8, 420-6 ; G. Smith, 185-91 ; A. & T. 260-2 ; Mc. 
301-3. 

b The theoretical side: Calhoun the spokesman; his career 
and his character ; attitude toward the Union ; "The South 
Carolina Exposition" 1828 ; its economic and constitutional 
doctrines ; influence upon the South. The "great debate" 

47 



on the nature of the Union 1830 ; Haynes' view : The Union 
federal not national; having only delegatKd powers; the 
constitution a compact; the states parties to it; destructive 
of federal character to allow one party to be sole judge 
of its powers ; unauthorized acts of federal government 
voidable by the states. The argurment strong historically. 
Webster's position new and practicable. Influence of 
speech of each. 

[Note : It is recommended that the student write out the argument 
of the nuUifiers as to the nature of the government, the remedy for 
an unlawful use of power, etc. Weigh the argument of Webster and 
others opposed to nullification, point by point and try to determine 
which stood on the sounder ground. 

The principal speech of Hayne and of Webster are printed in conyenient 
form and should be carefully read in this connection.] 

c NulHfication attempted in South Carolina : Protests against 
the tarifif 1828-32. Calhoun's "Exposition" 1828; removal 
of the "abominations" 1830 ; Calhoun's "Address" 1831 ; 
breach between Jackson and Calhoun ; tarift" act discussed 
1831-2, passed July 1832, in effect March 3, 1833; Nullifi- 
cation convention Nov., 1832. Ordinance in effect Feb. i, 
1833; suspended till Mar. 2. Coercion: Jackson's Proc- 
lamation ; military preparations ; the "Force Bill" in effect 
March 2. The Nullification Ordinance rescinded. Sig- 
nificance of the controversy. 
[Note : As a means of getting the incidents of this movement clearly 

in mind, it is recommended that the student make a chronological li6t 

of them.] 
W. 52-68; C. 415-23; A. & T. 274-80; Mc. 304-5; M. 325-28; A. Ill, 

69-77 ; Tho. 205-7 ; M. 325-9 ; S. Ill, 482-91 ; ib. IV, 31-40, 85-109 ; 

Lalor II, 1050-5 ; Rhodes United States I, 40-52 ; B. & G. IV, 306- 

9 ; McMaster V, 526-67 ; Preston's Documents 299-303 ; Am. Orations 

I, 213-282 ; Richardson's Messages II, 610-632, 640-56. Consult also 

the biographies of the chief actors. 

V. Slavery and Sectionalism. 

1 Review of Slavery to 1830. 

a During the colonial period: Growth; distribution, charac- 
teristics. 

b During the Revolution: Attitude toward the slave-trade; 
anti-slavery sentiment ; restriction of the area of slavery — 
the N. W. Ordinance; emancipation movement; abolition 
societies; state action 1777-1804; slavery in the federal 
convention. 

c Under the republic to 1830 : Slavery in the first Congress ; 
the first fugitive law 1793. The cotton gin and its effect; 
abolition of the slave-trade 1808 ; continuance of the trade ; 
legislation against it 1818-19; the American Colonization 
Societv. The Missouri Compromise 1819-21 : West- 



ward movement of population ; admission of new states. 
(Describe usual steps) ; nature of the prot)lem; the first 
compromise ; the second compromise. The relation of slav- 
ery to the Nullification movement. 

H. Index; Mc. 266-77 ; A. & T. 250-3 ; M. 296-307 ; A. Ill, 52-62, 149- 
62 ; Tho. 188-9 ; S. I, 142-50 ; II, 125-30 ; III, 129-73 ; Hinsdale 
History, 297-8, 308-7 ; Rhodes History of the United States I, 1-50 ; 
Birney's Birney, 74-86, 407-13; Lalor III, 725-730. 

2 Conditions and Tendencies 1830-40. 

a The slave system: Number of slaves; distribution; condi- 
tions of life; legal status; the "Black Code;" effects of 
the system — economic, social, and political ; dissimilarities 
between North and South ; necessity of new territory for 
slavery. 

!> Public opinion : New phase of the anti-slavery movement 
at the North: The older mild agitation for gradual eman- 
cipation, gives way to a fierce demand for immediate aboli- 
tion of slavery ; the South ceases to apologise for slavery 
and defends it as a beneficent mstitution. Explanation of 
the change; conditions favorable to agitation; Lundy and 
his work; Garrison and the Liberator; "incendiary 
lierature" in the South ; anti-slavery societies, num- 
ber and character (Rhodes I, 59) ; riots — the murder of 
Lovejoy. Slave insurrection of 1831; alarm in the South; 
suppression of the "right of petition." The churches and 
slavery. British emancipation in the West Indies : Euro- 
pean views of slavery. Rise of the Liberty party 1840; 

W. 104-8, 117-32 ; A. Ill, 168-78 ; M. 342-5 ; Schurz's Clay II, 69-86. 
152-70 ; Tho. 216- 19, 223-4 ; Laloi- III, 730-5 ; Greeley's American 
Conflict I, 107-147; Hart's Source Book 242-54- S IV, 203 29, ?96- 
302 ; Birney's Birney 413-22 ; Gibbins English Social Reformers, 94- 
107 ; Rhodes I, 50-75. Rhodes I, Ch. IV, has the best description 
of slavery. See also McDuffle's Message 1835, A. H. L. No. 10. 

3 The extension of Slave Territory. 

I. ANNEXATION OF TEXAS. 

a History of the, region : Relation to Louisiana in dis- 
pute, 1803-1819; settlement; the Mexican revolt; attempts 
to purchase Texas 1825-9; the Texan revolution: Part 
played by Americans ; recognition and independence. 

h Annexation sought 1836-1845: Attitude of leading men; of 
the sections ; of the parties ; Tyler's treaty and its fate 
1843-4. 

c The election of 1844 : Candidates ; party platforms ; rise of 
the Liberty party ; its principles ; gains since 1840 ; effect 
on the election. The Oregon question in the campaign; 
results; effect on the Texas question. 



d Method of annexation. 

C. 443-7; Tho. 232-5; M. 353-62; Mc. 320-5; W 1418; A. Ill, 179-82; 
M. 347, 353-8 ; B. 2S9-326 ; Johnston's FoUHcs, 145-8 ; B. & G. IV, 
367-71 ; S. IV, 449-59, 465-77, 518-23 ; Lalor I 96-8 ; Von Ilolst His- 
tory II, 548-63, 657-64. 099-714 ; Stauwood 140-60 ; Schurz's Clay 

II, 86-94, 228-67 ; Rhodes I, 75-87 ; Shepard s Van Buren 345-54 ; 
Greeley s American Conflict I, 3 47-174. 

II. THE MEXICAN CESSIONS. 

a The Mexican War. Causes : Earlier strained relations over 
claims unpaid by Mexico and encouragement to Texas; (B. 
298; Schouler IV, 443) ; the desire for California (M. 362, 
S. IV, 49S, Von Hoist, III, 341-4) ; the Texan boundary. 
The war precipitated by Polk, April 1846; the declaration 
of war and voting of supplies. The military operations of 
the war; the seizure of California; the v/ar in Mexico; 
cost, losses, etc. The treaty of Gaudalupe Hidalgo 1848 ; 
cessions and payment therefor. Later cession, the Gadsden 
purchase, 1853. 

Tho. 237-41; A. & T. 293-303; Mc. 326-34; C. 447-9; W. 149-52; A. 

III, 182-97 ; Goldwin Smith 211-12 ; S. IV, 523-38 ; B. 327-339 ; M. 
361-70 ; Rhodes I, 87-95 ; E. G. Bonnel in the Report of the American 
Historical Association, for 1899, I. 157-9, and American Historical 
Review V. 

b Other incidents of Polk's administration : Settlement of the 
Oregon controversy; passage of a "revenue" tariff — the 
Walker tariff ; the Independent Treasury Act ; Democratic 
losses in 1846; the Mormons occupy Utah; the discovery 
of gold in CaUfornia. 
Tho. 230-2, 242-5 ; W. 147-8, 154-5 ; C. 449-55. 

c Slavery and the Mexican cession. 

1 Introduction of the problem : Geography of the terri- 

ritory; status of slavery; the Vv^ilmot Proviso Aug- 
ust 1846 ; lost at end of the session ; renewed 1846-7 ; 
failure of adoption; theory 01 "popular sovereignty" 
put forth ; the controversy becomes sectional. 

2 The election of 1848. Democrats nominate Cass ; plat- 

form indefinite as to slavery, but Cass favoring "pop- 
ular sovereignty," (M. 372-3). Whigs equivocal, nom- 
inate Taylor. The Free Soil Party, positive against 
slavery extension, nominates Van Buren ; elements in 
the party ; the campaign ; the vote ; Taylor elected. 
Congressional action blocked in session of 184S-9. 

Tho. 244-9; C. 453-9; W. 155-64; M. 368-74; Mc. 329, 334; A. & T. 
304 7: B. 335-7 Stanwood 161-77; Greeley's American Conflict I, 185- 
98 ; Rhodes I, 90-8 ; Schurz's Clay II, 301-14. 

3 The Compromise of 1850. General view : Evidences 

of sectional division, 1843-9 over Texas, the war, the 



Wilmot proviso, etc. ; increasing divergence in eco- 
nomic conditions, — the North chiefly benefits by in- 
ventions, immigration, etc. The situation Dec. 1849 as 
to California ; New Mexico and Utah ; Texas bound- 
aries ; Northern demands for federal action on slavery 
in the District of Columbia ; on inter-state slave-trade ; 
southern grievances over escaped slaves, etc. ; the criti- 
cal character of the time. The compromise measures : 
History ; debates ; provisions ; estimates of Clay, Web- 
ster, Calhoun, Seward and Chase, and their views. Es- 
timate of the wisdom and fairness of the compromise. 
Supposed final settlement. 

Tlio. 249-50 ; C. 4.59-62 : W. 165-74 ; Mc. 335-43 ; A. & T. 308-12 ; B. 
348-64 ; Rhodes I, 111-83 ; Schurz's Clay II, 325-72 ; Lodge's Webster, 
297-332 ; Johnston's Politics 159-63 ; McD. Documents ; S. V, 152-73, 
179-87, 197-204 ; Greeley's American Conflict, 198-210 ; Hai-t's Source 
Book, 279-81 ; American Orations II, 46-134 for speeches by Calhoun, 
Webster, and Clay. 

4 Workings of the compromise: Reception of the meas- 
ures, North, South, by parties, (Rhodes I, 189-98). 
The Fugitive Slave law. Failure of the law of 1793 ; 
Southern losses 1830-1850; provisions of the new act; 
grounds of northern opposition ; rescues ; the "under- 
ground railway ;" the "Personal Liberty Laws" 1850- 
54 ; cf. those before 1850. Petitions for repeal ; slight 
protection to slave owners ; a continuing source of irri- 
tation. 

Tho. 250, 265 ; C. 462-4 ; W. 174-8 : Me. 341, 352 ; A. & T. 311-12 ; A. 
Ill, 210-15 ; M. 381-2, 400 : Rhodes I, 185-98. 207-213, 222-6 ; B. 363- 
79 ; Von Hoist History III, 548-55, IV, 61-70 ; Lalor Cyclopedia II, 
315-17, III, 162-3 ; Hart's Source Book, 282-4 ; Greeley I, 210-21 : S. 
V, 204-8 ; New England Magazine I, 524, II, 280, 385. 569. 

III. THE TERRITORIES OPENED TO SLAVERY. 

a Events from 1851 to 1854. The Election of 1852: Old 
parties declare fidelity to the compromise; Free Soilers op- 
pose slavery extension ; no principle at issue : apathy in the 
campaign ; the vote. Death of Clay and Webster. Decline 
of the Whig party. Appearance of Uncle Tom's Cabin, 
1852. 

W. 178-82 ; Tho. 252-6 ; M. 384-6 : C 464 ; Rhodes 1, 269-89 ; A. & T. 
313-18. 

b Repeal of the Missouri Compromise 1854. 

1 The parties in Congress. 

2 The Nebraska Bill. 

3 The Kansas-Nebraska Bill : Two Territories ; compro- 

mise of 1820 repealed ; history of this part of the bill ; 
the people of the territory to fix the status of slavery. 



"subject only to the constitution of the United States" 
(§ 32)- "The Appeal of the Independent Democrats" 
Jan. 1854; doubtful efifect of the law; the vote on the 
bill. Public sentiment North and South. 

W. 182-5 ; Tho. 256-7 ; C. 465-9 ; M. 388-91 ; Mc. 346-51 ; B. 380-406 ; 
Rhodes I, 421-450 ; 459-70, 494-8 ; A. Ill, 216-22 ; Johnston's Politics 
167-9 ; A. H. L. No. 17 ; S. V. 279-92 ; Greeley I, 224-35 ; Hart's 
Source Book 284-7 ; American Orations II, 183-255, for speeches by 
Chase, Sumner and Douglas. 

c The Kansas struggle. Organized movement to Kansas ; 
pro-slavery men at first successful ; attitude of the admin- 
istration; civil war; success of the free-settlers 1857; strug- 
gle for admission 1857-61 ; the Sumner-Brooks incident. 

C. 469-74; W. 185-7; M. 393-6, 401-2; Mc. 351-3; A. & T. 329-31; A. 
Ill, 216-28 ; Morse's Lincoln I, 92-102 ; Greeley I, 235-51 ; Schouler 
V, 315-33, 343-8. 

d The Dred Scott Decision 1857 : Statement of the case ; 
Scott not a citizen, hence the court without jurisdiction; 
but it denies, obiter, that Congress can legislate slavery out 
of a Territory; "Popular Sovereignty" thus denied. New 
Territory opened to slavery. Efifect upon the Kansas strug- 
gle ; upon the growth of the Republican party. 

C. 474-5 ; W. 197-200 ; M. 399 ; Mc. 354-8 ; B. 449-59, Morse's Lincoln 
I, 102-110; S. V, 377-81, 390-8. A. Ill, 229-33; Greeley's I, 251-64; 
Johnston's Politics, 179-80 ; American Orations III, 28-33 ; Lalor I, 
838-41. Rhodes II, 252-8 ; McD. Documents. 

4 The Widening of the Breach. 

a The "Gadsden purchase" 1853. 

b The intrigue for Cuba. Early desire for Cuba; new inter- 
est in it after 1845 ; attempts at purchase ; the "Black War- 
rior" affair 1854; the "Ostend Manifesto;" rejection of its 
proposals, but Buchanan's election 1856; his later attitude 
toward Cuba. (Cf. his messages and S. V, 416-19.) 

Tho. 257-60; W. 189-90; 387-8; A. & T. 318-20; A. Ill, 250-5; S. V, 
214-19, 298-300. 312-15, 416 19; Lalor III, 36; Greeley's American 
ConYict, I, 273-8 ; Rhodes II, ch. VI ; for the tert of the Manifesto, 
A. H. L. No. 2 

c Other distracting incidents: The Lincoln-Douglas debate, 
1858; continuation of the Kansas troubles (W. 199); the 
John Brown raid, 1859; continued irritation over the per- 
sonal liberty laws and growing hostility to slavery in the 
North; Helper's Impending Crisis, 1857. 

Mc. 358-60 ; M. 399-408 ; A. & T. 332-8 ; C. 475-8 ; A. Ill, 352-67 ; W. 
188-90, 199-204 ; B. 449-74 ; Morse's Lincoln II, 111-160 ; Rhodes, II, 
7, 16-44, 313-40, 383-416 ; O. S. L. No. 85 for the first debate between 
Lincoln and Douglas. 

52 



d The sectionalizing of political parties. 

1 The election of 1856: The break up of old parties. 

Know Nothings ; rise and growth ; avoidance oi slavery 
question ; they and Whigs overwhelmed. The Demo- 
crats stand by the Kansas-Nebraska bill ; recognized 
as the supporters of slave interests. The Republican 
Party ; organized 1854-6 ; elements ; loose construc- 
tionists ; for prohibition of slavery in the territories. 
The vote. Congressional election. 

2 Election of 1858. Republican gains ; effect of Dred Scott 

decision. 

3 Election of i860. The split of the Democrats; the can- 

didates. Bell and the Constitutional Union party. The 
Republican convention ; platform ; candidate. Campaign 
and results. 

W. 187-93, 204-8 ; C. 473, 493-7 ; M. 396, 409 ; Mc. 352-5 ; A. & T. 318, 
323-5 ; A. Ill, 261-7. Johnston's Politics, 175-8, 189-92 ; Stanwood, 
192-213 and 214-35 ; Morse's Lincoln I, 163-79. On the Know-Noth- 
ings see Schouler V, 304-8 and McMaster, Forum, 17 : 524-36. On 
the Republicans, Schouler V, 301-4, 349-57. 

5 Secession. 

a The South's grievances ; sentiment against slavery in the 
North ; denial of full property rights in slaves in the terri- 
tories ; the personal liberty laws ; the election of Lincoln. 
More general and remote causes (Rhodes III, 146-150. A. 
Ill, 290-304). (Make out a list of grievances as expressed 
in the Ordinances of Secession and other papers accom- 
panying the secession movement. (A. H. L. No. 12.) 

b The theory of secession : Origin, strength, weakness. 

c The process: Withdrawal of South Carolina Dec. i860; the 
Gulf States Jan. 1861. Attempts at "compromise"; the 
Peace Congress Feb. 4, 1861 ; hesitation of the federal 
authority ; Lincoln's policy ; the question of "coercion" ; 
Virginia, N. C, Ark. and Tennessee withdraw after Sum- 
ter: policy of neutrality attempted by Md. and Kv. For- 
mation of the "Confederate States of America" Feb.-Mar. 
1861 ; constitution, personnel, activities. Resignation of 
Southern men from U. S. offices. The solidarity of the 
South. 

C. 497-504 ; W. 210-21 ; Mc. 378-382 ; Tho. 269-79 ; M. 410-20 ; A. Ill, 
305-42, Johnston's Politics. 182-185 ; S. V, 469-512 ; Rhodes III, 114- 
25, 145-53, 189-217, 227-8 ; Preston's Documents, 304-312. 

6 The Civil War. 

a Strength of the parties : Economic elements : Wealth ; va- 
riety and importance of manufacturing industries ; the 
North's superior resources ; means of transportation ; the 
productive power of the people. Military elements : Rela- 



tive numbers; territorial position; conditions as to prepar- 
ation (Blaine I, 286); leadership; popular feeling. 
h The appeal to arms : Fall of Sumter ; effects North and 
South. 

Me. 865-87 ; A. & T. 344-51 ; M. 417-22 ; Tho. 277-83 ; Blaine, Twenty 
Years of Congress, I, 279-312 ; Rhodes, III, 357-455 ; S. VI. 26-38, 

48-52. 

c Military operations of the war. (Follow the text-book and 
refer to Dodge's Bird's-Eye View of the Civil War.) 

d Foreign relations. Feeling in Europe; belligerency of the 
South recognized by England May 1861 ; by other powers; 
importance to the South. The Trent affair. England and 
the Confederate cruisers. The French in Mexico 

W. 213-23, 239-42 ; C. 506-15, 528, 551-2 ; Tho. 279-282, 285, 301-2 ; M. 
417-26, 429, 456-7; Mc. 410-14; American Orations III, 213-42 for 
Beecher's Liverpool speech ; Rhodes IV, 76-95, 337-90 ; Blaine's Twen- 
ty Years of Congress I, 580-602. 

e Domestic affairs. Suspension of habeas corpus by tlie Pres- 
ident April, 1861 ; authorized by Congress March, 1863 ; 
cases. W. Virginia made a state, 1862. Dissension in the 
North ; the Draft Act ; the draft riots ; the election of 1864. 

f The cost of the war: Finances of the North; expenditures; 
issue of United States notes ; loans ; the national banks es- 
tablished ; the war taxes : direct, internal revenue, tariff ; 
state expenditures. The growth of the debt. The South : 
Greatly crippled by the blockade ; financial measures ; money 
cost; destruction of property; business disturbed. Cost in 
life on both sides. Heroism and devotion on both sides; 
demoralizing influences of the war. 

W. 226-33. 236-52 ; C. 515-22, 552-4 : A. & T. 419-21, 432, 441-5 ; Tho. 
304-7, 319-23, 327-30 ; Johnston's Politics, 201-6 ; M. 428, 448-52, 460- 
8 ; Mc. 419-24 ; White, Money and Banking, 148-74 ; Lalor ; Hinsdale ; 
American Government, 237-39. 

7 The Abolition of Slavery. 

a Lincoln's attitude toward slavery 1860-1 ; emancipating or- 
ders of P'remont (1861) and Hunter (1862) reversed; 
slaves regarded as "contraband" 1861 ; encouragement to 
state abolition 1862 ; abolished by Congress in D. C. 1862 ; 
in the territories ; slave trade treaty with England 1862. 

"b The Emancipation Proclamation: History; effect on 
status of slavery ; on the North ; on Europe. 

c Abolition by the States, 1862-5. 

d The Thirteenth Amendment fails in the House June, 
1864, passes Jan. 1865, in force Dec. 1865. 

C. 537-40 : W. 226-7 ; Tho. 293-6 ; A. & T. 403-5 ; M. 440-4, 462-4 ; Mc. 
394-6 ; Morse's Lincoln II, 316-28 ; S. VI, 528-30 ; Lalor I, 5-6 ; Wil- 
son, Rise and Fall of the Slave Power III, 322-30, 380-93, 434-54 ; 
President's Documents, 313-15. 

54 



8 Reconstruction. 

a The situation : Natural feeling of distrust. Southern con- 
ditions ; lawless spirit engendered by the war ; the position 
of the negroes ; problems as to the status of the states. 
Lincoln's policy ; progress before his death. 

b Johnson's policy ; his amnestj^ proclamation ; provisional 
governments organized ; progress 1865 ; Southern states co- 
operate ; pass stringent labor and vagrancy laws. 

W. 253-61 ; C. 5G0-3 ; A. IV, 182-192 ; Tho. 32G-33 : Mc. 425-9 ; M. 469- 
73 ; A. & T. 446-51. For more extended reading on this and otlier 
topics connpcted with Reconstruction see Burgess, Reconstruction 
and the Constitution ; Blaine's Twenty Years of Congress II ; McCall's 
Thadens Stevens; Hart's Salmon P. Chase, and a series of articles 
in the Atlantic Monthly for 1901. See also Albion Tourgee's Pool's 
Errand, and Brides icithout Straw', and Thomas Nelson's Page's Red 
Rock. 

c The Congressional plan : The theories of Congress ; of 
Sumner; of Stevens; hostility to Johnson; Southern mem- 
bers debarred ; protection to negroes — the Second Freed- 
man's Bureau Act and the Civil Rights Act. passed over 
the veto ; the Fourteenth Amendment, proposed June 
1866, in force July 1868. The reconstruction report June 
18, 1866, election of 1866. Johnson's tour of the North. 
The Reconstruction Act of March 2. 1867 and acts supple- 
mentary to it ; preparatory acts — the Tenure of Office Act, 
limitation of the president's military power, etc. ; terms of 
the acts. The Fifteenth Amendment before the States. 
1869-70. 

C. 563-66 ; W. 263-9 ; A. IV, 192-98 ; Tho. 331-37, 342-3 ; Mc. 429-31 ; 
M. 473-71 ; A. & T. 451-3. 

d Operation of the plan : Conditions in the South 1865-72 ; 
"Carpet-bag" rule and its results : the Ku Klux Khn move- 
ment; the force Bills of 1870-1871. 

W. 267-70 ; A. IV. 201-8 ; Tho. 341-3 ; M. 477-8, 481-5 ; A. & T. 452-4 ; 
Blaine II, 463-75. See W. G. Brown's article on the Ku Klux in the 
Atlantic May, 1901, and Chamberlain's article on Reconstruction in 
South Carolina in the same for April, 1901. 

e The Impeachment of the President: The charges; the trial; 
the acquittal. 

f The election of 1868. 

g Progress of "restoring" the States 1867-72 : Amnesty Act 
of 1872 ; political reconstruction completed ; Grant's re- 
election 1872; unsettled Southern conditions continue. 

W. 270-2 ; C. 567-9 ; A. & T. 454-460 : Mc. 431, 437-442 ; M. 477-85 ; 
Tho. 342, 348. 



LofC. 



VI. The New Nation. 

[More extended references for the topics under this section may be found 
by the student in Andrew's Last Quarter of a Century, Appleton's 
Annual Cyclopedia, Current History, the World Almanac, and the 
magazines of the period. Stanwood's Presidential Erections and his 
History of the Presidency are very full on the political conditions.] 

1 The Closing of the Breach. 

a The general outlook: Persistence of ill-feeling North and 
South ; election disturbances ; suppression of Negro vote ; 
"war issues" in Northern politics; Hayes' withdrawal of 
the troops 1877; gradual disappearance of sectionalism 
based on slavery ; tendency to agreement on a tariff policy ; 
later industrial development. The race question in the 
South ; solidarity of the Whites as against the Negroes ; 
recent movements for disfranchisements ; question of rep- 
resentation in Congress. Advancement of the Negro in 
industry, education, etc. 

b Party history 1868-1876: Grant's first election; character 
of the man ; fitness for the place ; Southern problems as 
above ; the Geneva Award ; settlement of the Northwest 
boundary. The second term : The election of 1872 ; re- 
volt of the Liberal Republicans ; Greeley's defeat. The 
Southern problem continues. Extravagance and corrup- 
tion — a usual result of war: The "Salary-grab" Act; the 
Credit Mobilier scandal ; the "whisky ring" ; municipal 
corruption — the "Tweed ring." Business corruption. At- 
tempts at Civil Service reform. The Centenial Exposition 

c The election of 1876 : The campaign and its results ; con- 
flicting returns from four States ; inadequacy of the law to 
meet the case; the Electoral Commission Law (Feb. 27. 
1877) ; the Commission and its work ; the critical character 
of the episode. The Electoral Count Law of 1886 (A. IV, 
215). 

A. & T. 456-72 ; W. 271-87 ; C. 568-73 ; M. 480-98 ; Mc. 439-51 ; Tho. 
345-59 ; A. IV. 208-15. See also Blaine and Stanwood. 

d Party history since 1876. 

1 Hayes' administration (1877-81) the beginning of a "new 

epoch" ; the withdrawal of federal troops from the 
South ; "war issues'' gradually disappear. Estimates 
of Hayes' work. 

2 The Garfield-Arthur administration (1881-85) : Chief 

incidents of the period. 

3 Cleveland's first term (1885-89). The tariff issue made 

prominent by Cleveland's message of Dec. 1887, leads to 

4 The return of the Republicans to power, 1889-93 ; ex- 

cessive protection legislation (the McKinley tariff, 



1890), and extravagant appropriations for internal im 
provements and for pensions contribute to 

5 The Democratic victory of 1892. Cleveland's second 

term 1893-7. A period of. economic and social dis- 
turbance — the crisis of 1893, the Chicago strike, etc. ; 
the Wilson tarifif law (1894) proves inadequate; the 
Democratic income tax declared unconstitutional. Di- 
vision of the party on the silver and other questions 
gives the control to the radical wing led by Bryan 
1896, and leads to 

6 The Republican victory of 1896. McKinky's first term: 

the tariff again increased — the Dingley law 1897; later 
financial reforms ; the war with Spain ; annexation of 
Hawaii, 1898. 

7 The re-election of McKinley 1900. Succeeded by Roose- 

velt 1901. Chief incidents of the period. 

[It is recommended that if pupils are already familiar with the current 
of political history of this period, they turn to the study of the move- 
ments outlined below. Otherwise let the text be used till such famil- 
iarity be gained.] 

2 Financial and Economic Movements since the Civil War. 

a The national debt: Amount and form 1865; its rapid re- 
duction. (Prepare a table to show the facts.) The 
"Greenbacks." Amount issued ; question of their legality 
settled 1870, 1872, in the Legal Tender Cases. Question 
of their withdrawal: Regarded as necessary preparation 
for a resumption of specie payments ; opposition made to 
such a contraction of the currency; rise of the "Greenback 
party" 1874 ; the act for the Resumption of Specie Payments 
of 1875 (to take effect Jan. i, 1879) strengthens the green- 
back movement; Cooper for President 1876; increasing 
strength till about 1880. The withdrawal of greenbacks 
stopped ; their amount and character at present. 

Tho. 304, 354 : A. & T. 468-9 ; A. IV. 820-3, 330-3 ; Labor II. 418. III. 
986 ; Mc. 420-2, 437-9, 445 ; C. 515. See also the Statistical Ai- 
stract of the United States (which may be had by applying to the 
Secertary of the Treasury) for data concerning the debt and the 
various kinds of money in circulation. See also the World Almanac. 

b The money question : The "Greenback" movement as above ; 
agitation for the increased use of silver as money a^' a part 
of that movement; the Bland-Allison Act of 1878. Con- 
tinued decline in the price of silver; renewed demand for 
unlimited coinage; the Sherman Law of 1890: its provis- 
ions and operation in connection with the "greenbacks" ; 
relation to the crisis of 1893 ; the industrial causes of that 
crisis; Repeal of the Sherman Act 1893; financial legislation 
of 1900. The Silver issue in the campaign of 1896, 1900; 



practical acceptance of the gold standard by the Democrats 

1904. 

Me. 448-9, 467, 470-3 ; A. & T. 475. 498-9, 504-506, 527 ; Tho. 364, 
387, 396 ; M. 510, 517, 521-3. See also the Statistical Abstract, and 
the World Almanac, and Dwey's Financial History of the United 
States. 

c The national banks and their service : Reasons for establish- 
ing them ; terms of the acts of 1863, 1864, as to capital, pur- 
chase of bonds, issue of notes, inspection, etc. Later changes 
in the system. Amount and legal standing of notes. 

C. 517 ; M. 449-50 ; A. & T. 457, 528 ; M. 421 ; Statistical Abstract ; 
White, Money and Banking, 406-19. 

d Federal Taxation : General repeal of the war taxes ; the 
war tariff policy continues ; reduction of duties on ''revenue 
articles" — increased duties on protected artiaes ; tariff re- 
vision of 1883 ; Cleveland's "free trade" message of 1887 ; 
the McKinley Act of 1890 gives greater protection; the 
political reaction of 1892 gives the Democrats a chance to 
reform the tariff; but poorly done in the Wilson-Gorman 
Act, 1894; Republican victory 1896 leads to a strengthen- 
ing of the protective policy in the Dingley Act, 1897. Grow- 
ind demand for tariff reform. The Republican party fol- 
lows the "stand pat" policy 1897-1904. The Spanish war 
taxes. 

Mc. 466-7, 473, 476 ; Tho. 368. 381, 386 : A. & T. 383, 496, 506, 514 ; A. 
IV. ch. VII See also Taussig's Tariff History of the United States, 
the article in Lalor on the Tariff, the platforms of the various par- 
ties, and the Statistical Abstract. 

e Material development : The growth of population (make a 
table). The opening of the West; railroad building: the 
trans-continental lines ; the present railway net. Railway 
abuses ; railway legislation in the States — establishment of 
railway commissions, the limitation of charges, etc. Fed- 
eral legislation — the Interstate Commerce Act, 1887 : Its 
provisions as to "pooling," discrimination against persons 
and places, publicity, etc. The growth of Manufactures — 
in the North, West, South. Growth of foreign trade. In- 
dustrial combinations — the "trusts." Combinations of la- 
borers : The growth of trade-unions, their relation to in- 
dustrial peace. 

Mc. 454-61 ; Tho. 376-9, 400-4 ; A. & T. 490, 536-42 ; C. 581-90 ; M. 511, 
536-42. The Statistical Abstract. 

3 Reform of the Civil Service. 

a The continued evils of the "spoils system" ; increased dan- 
ger as the country grew ; relation to political corruption 
following the war. Early efforts at reform : reforms dur- 



ing Grant's administration abandoned. The Pendleton 
Act of 1883: Reasons for its enactment at this time; pro- 
visions of the act as to the Commission, method of appoint- 
ment to the "classified service," "political assessments," 
etc. ; progress of the reform by administrations ; its eri,emies ; 
present outlook. Reform of the consular service. Ballot 
reform in the States. 

Mc. 463-4 ; Tho. 367, 391 : C. 577-9 ; M. 507 : A. & T. 465, 484, 489 ; 
Bryce, American Commonwealth, II. 131-9 ; I. 451-4. 494-500, 565-7 ; 
Hart, Actual Government ; Lalor, I. 478 ; Reports of the Civil Service 
Commission 

4 International Relations. 

a Settlement of the Maximilian affair in Mexico (1867). 

b The purchase of Alaska: Reasons for its purchase; question 
of its value ; its government ; the gold discoveries ; settle- 
ment of boundary dispute 1903. 

A. & T. 561, M. 479 ; C. 568 ; Mc. 450-1 ; Moore's American Congress 
411 ; Blaine, Twenty Tears, II. 333-9. 

c With England : Review relations with England during the 
war ; the Treaty of Washington 1871 ; settlement by arbi- 
tration of the "Alabama claim" — (the Geneva Award) : 
the northwest boundary (1872) ; the Fisheries dispute 
(1877). The controversy over the seal fisheries settled 
1893 (M. 524). The Venezuelan affair 1895-7. The Joint 
High Commission appointed, 1899, to settle Alaskan bound- 
ary and other disputes; Alaskan award, 1903. The Isth- 
mian Canal: The Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, 1850; recent 
movement for a canal due to our Pacific acquisitions; the 
Hay-Pauncefote treaty of 1901. (Our negotiations with the 
United States of Columbia, 1903; rejection by Columbia, 
Sept. 17; Panama declares its independence Nov. 3; Co- 
lumbian troops evacuate Colon Nov. 5; United States 
recognizes independence of Panama Nov. 6; treaty signed 
with Panama, giving us valuable canal rights Nov. 18, 1903. 
Preparations for building the canal.) Recent attitude of 
friendliness between England and America. 

[For references see the works above cited. Appieton's Annual, recent 
magazines and tlie World Almanac. 

d With Spain: Our historic attitude toward Cuba; the re- 
bellion of 1868-80; the insurrection of 1895-8; American 
sympathy with the Cubans; efforts to secure reforms in 
Cuba; the destruction of the "Maine" Feb. 15, 1898; appro- 
priation of $50,000,000 for national defense March 8; de- 
claration of war April 19. The war : On sea ; on land. The 
Treaty of Paris. Cessions of territory; relations with Cuba 



settled later. Acquisition of Hawaii during the war. Prob- 
lems involved in the control of the Philippines. Division 
of the parties. (See the platforms.) 

A. & T. 515-27; C. 590-603; Appletons Annual; Current History; the 
magazines of the period. 

e With China : The Chinese in the West ; establishment of 
diplomatic relations with China — the Burlingame treaty 
1868 ; hostility to Chinese immigrants ; exclusion attempt- 
ed 1878; the exclusion law of 1882; re-enacted in 1892, ex- 
tended indefinitely 1902 ; harsh execution of the law. Eu- 
ropean encroachments in China ; the anti- foreign rising, 
1900 ; United States troops sent to rescue our ministers ; 
part played by the government in settling Chinese matters 
and saving the Empire. The new importance of America 
in international affairs. 

See Appleton's Annual, Current History and the magia^ines. 



ADDITIONAL TITLES USED IN THE REFERENCES. 



American History Leaflets, (some thirty or more in number, con- 
taining original documents of great importance). 

American History Series, The, consisting of: 
I. Fisher's Colonial Era. 

Sloane's French War and the Revolution. 

Walker's Making of a Nation. 

Burgess' Middle Period. 

Burgess' The Civil War and the Constitution (2 vols.). 

Burgess' Reconstruction and the Constitution. 

American Statesman Series,The, containing : Hosmer's Samuel Adams ; 
Tyler's Patrick Henry; Morse's Jefferson, John Adams, John Q. 
Adams, Lincoln ; Lodge's Hamilton, Washington, Webster ; Gay's 
Madison; Gilman's Monroe; Schurz's Clay; Sumner's Jackson, von 
Hoist's Jackson; Hart's Chase; McCall's Stevens; and Storey's 
Sumner. 

Bryce, The American Commonwealth. 

Blaine, Twenty Years of Congress. 

Benton, Thirty Years' View. 

Doyle, A History of the English Colonies in America. 

Dewey, The Financial of the United States. 

Eggleston, The Beginners of a Nation. The Transit of Civilization. 

Fiske, The Discovery of America (2 vols.). Old Virginia and her 
Neighbors (2 vols.) ; The Dutch and Quaker Colonies (2 vols.) ; 
The Beginnings of New England; New France and New England; 
The American Revolution (2 vols) ; The War of Independence; 
The Critical Period. 

Hinsdale, How to Study and Teach History; The Old Northwest; 
American Government. 

Hart, A Source Book in American History; American History Told by 
Contemporaries (4 vols.) ; Actual Government. 

Hildreth, A History of the United States. 
Johnston, American Politics; American Orations (4 vols.). 
Lalor, Cyclopedia of Political Science, etc. (3 vols.). 

61 



Lecky, History of England in the i8th Century (6 vols.) ; The Ameri- 
can Revolution, being the chapter from the England, dealing with 
the Revolution, edited by Woodburn. 

Lodge, A Short History of the English Colonies in America ; The Story 
of the American Revolution. 

McMaster, A History of the People of the United States (5 vols, pub- 
Hshed). 

Old South Leaflets (more than a hundred in number, many of them 
containing valuable documents relating to American history.) 

Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe; La Salle; Pioneers of France; The 

Struggle for a Continent. 

Rhodes, A History of the United States Since 1850. 

Roosevelt, The Winning of the West (4 vols.). 

Stanwood, A Plistory of Presidential Elections; A History of the Pres- 
idency. 

Stephens, War Between the States. 

Taussig, Tariff History of the United States. 

Tyler, The Literary History' of the American Revolution. 

Von Hoist, A Constitutional History of the United States (8 vols.). 

White, Money and Banking. 

Wilson, A History of the American People (4 vols.). 



Excellent outline maps suitable for history v;ork are published by 
the McKinley Publishing Co., Philadelphia; D. C. Heath & Co., Chi- 
cago ; and Atkinson, Mentzer & Grover, Chicago. 



NOV 4 1904. 



A 



LEMrlO 



OUTLINES AND REFERENCES 
FOR 

UNITED STATES HISTORY 



SCHOOL EDUCATION COMPANY 
PUBLISHERS 

Minneapolis, Minnesota 
1904 




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N^ 



